治理出生性别比失调公共政策的困境与帕累托改进路径

34520109Vol34,No5September201093PopulationResearch治理出生性别比失调公共政策的困境与帕累托改进路径!∀文章以集体理性与个体理性集体行为与个体行为的关系为分析视角,根据个体行为模式理论分析框架,以我国政府治理出生性别比失调的34项公共政策为例,运用内容分析法,从个体行为层次的结构,即认知或态度维度情感维度行为意向维度,来分析相关公共政策在个体层面上的体现功能与效果,发现目前治理出生性别比失调的公共政策基本涵盖个体行为层次的不同维度初步形成个体行为改变引导机制,但存在影响程度不均衡动力不足和途径单一等问题在此基础上,文章探索符合个体生育行为改变机理促进出生性别比正常化的公共政策帕累托改进的路径,提出应该进一步将公共政策体系的基点从控制导向转变为支持导向!∀出生性别比;公共政策;集体理性;个体理性;帕累托改进!∀吴帆,南开大学社会工作与社会政策系副教授,经济学博士天津:300071TheDilemmaofPublicPoliciesonNormalizingmIbalancedSexRatioatBirthandParetomIprovementPathWuFanAbstract:Fromtheperspectiveoftherelationshipbetweencollectiverationalityandindividualrationality,andcollectivebehaviorandindividualbehavior,thispapertakesChina#s34publicpoliciesongoverningmibalancedsexratioatbirth(SRB)asexamplestoanalyzepublicpolicy#sexpression,functionsandeffectsattheindividualleve.lTheanalysisisdonebasedonthetheoreticalframeworkofindividualbehaviorpatternandusingcontentanalysismethod,anditinvolvesinindividualbehavior,includingdmiensionsofcognitionorattitude,emotionandbehavioralintentions.Analyticalresultsindicatethatcurrentpublicpoliciescoverdifferentdmiensionsofindividualbehaviorsandshapeguidingmechanismforindividualbehaviorchanges,butwithmibalancedmipactsandshortageofmotionsandinfluentialchannels.Furthermore,thepaperexplorestheParetomiprovementpathofindividualreproductivebehaviorchangesinlinewiththepublicpolicymechanismtopromotethenormalizationofhighSRB,proposespublicpolicybasisshouldbechangedfromcontrol-orientationtosupport-orientation.Keywords:SexRatioatBirth(SRB),PublicPolicy,CollectiveRationality,IndividualRationality,ParetomIprovementAuthors:WuFanisAssociateProfessorandPhDinEconomics,DepartmentofSocialWorkandSocialPolicy,NankaiUniversity,Tianjin300071.Emai:[e-mail]943412080,,1982108.51990111.3,2000116.86,2005120.2,(105∃2)20051%,31,(102.7),,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,:(,2007;,2008);(,2007;,2008);(,2008),,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,(),,,,,,,,,,2,,,,,1,,,,,595,1Figure1MechanismofIndividualBehavioralReaction,,,,,(stagesofchange,SOC),(J.O.Prochaska)(C.C.Diclemente)2080,:,;,;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3:,?,?,?,3:,,,,,,3.1,,9634,%(,2005),,,,,(,2007),,,3:,,,,,,,,&,,%,,,,,,,,,,,3.2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5974,,4.1,2080,,,,,,,34,8,15,9,1,9,(1)1Table1China#sPublicPoliciesonNormalizingImbalancedSRBatNationalLevel类型法律法规具体的法律法规和政策法律(15项)专项法律(0)无综合性法律(15项)∋中国人民共和国宪法(∋中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法(∋中华人民共和国母婴保健法(∋中华人民共和国劳动法(∋中华人民共和国就业促进法(∋中华人民共和国未成年人保护法(∋中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法(∋教育法(∋义务教育法(∋劳动合同法(∋村委会组织法(∋农村土地承包法(∋婚姻法(∋继承法(∋物权法(法规条例(10项)综合性法规条例(9项)∋社会抚养费征收管理办法(∋农村部分计划生育家庭奖励扶助制度(∋计划生育家庭特别扶助制度(∋计划生育技术服务管理条例(∋产前诊断技术管理办法(∋关于生育津贴和生育医疗费有关个人所得税政策的通知(∋婚前保健工作规范(∋中国儿童发展纲要(∋中国妇女发展纲要(专项法规条例(1项)∋关于禁止非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别的人工终止妊娠的规定(社会福利项目(9项)婚育新风进万家活动关爱女孩行动少生快富工程幸福工程&救助贫困母亲行动生育关怀行动母子系统保健项目春蕾计划大地之爱%母亲水窖爱晚工程4.2,3:1:,;2:,;3:,,9834,,,,,,(Cognition)(Feeling)(Behavior),,,;,;,;,,(),(),,,(2)2()Table2CodeforBasicUnit(Keywords)ofAnalysis个体行为层次认知或态度维度情感维度行为意向维度负向行为控制正向行为激励C1男女平等观念(如享有实行或坚持平等)NP-反对某种负面情感(如反对歧视等)NB1-行为的事前控制(如禁止不得消除避免等)PB1-最低限度行为的实现(如维护确保应当等)C2女性权益保护(如保障保护)权利)C3-女性发展(如重视强调关注发展等)PF-表达正面情感(如关爱关怀爱等)NB2-行为的事中控制(如监督监测检察核查等)PB2-积极行为的激励(如提倡鼓励表彰奖励等)NB3-行为的事后惩罚(如警告责令处罚批评等)PB3-通过具体服务或某项具体的政策来实现积极行为(如资助捐赠建立提供等),:,,,,,,,,,,,,599,1,,(3)3()Table3DistributionofPublicPoliciesonNormalizingImbalancedSRBbyImpactingDimensionsandLevelsofIndividualBehaviors个体行为总体N=34综合性法律N=15专项法规N=1综合性法规N=9社会福利项目N=9维度具体层次频数(%)频数(%)频数(%)频数(%)频数(%)认知态度维度C185(49.1)46(48.4)09(21.4)30(83.4)∗C268(39.3)42(44.2)023(54.8)3(8.3)C320(11.6)7(7.4)010(23.8)3(8.3)总和173(12.5)95(14.8)042(10.8)36(11.7)情感维度NP9(15.3)9(42.9)000PF50(84.7)12(57.1)04(100)34(100)总和59(4.3)21(3.3)04(1.0)34(11.0)负向行为控制维度NB1132(36.0)88(41.7)4(20)17(17.3)23(60.5)NB267(18.3)43(20.4)7(35)15(15.3)2(5.3)NB3168(45.7)80(37.9)9(45)66(67.4)13(34.2)总和367(26.7)211(32.8)20(55.6)98(25.1)38(12.3)正向行为激励维度PB1332(42.7)178(56.3)15(93.7)109(44.3)30(15.0)PB283(10.7)42(13.3)06(2.4)35(17.5)PB3363(46.6)96(30.4)1(6.3)131(53.3)135(67.5)总和778(56.5)316(49.1)16(44.4)246(63.1)200(65.0)总计1377(100)643(100)36(100)390(100)308(100)4.3(32),:,,4,,,12.5%,(14.8%)(11.7%)(10.8%),,,,,,4.3%,,11%,100343.3%1%,,,,,26.7%,(55.6%),(32.8%)(25.1%)(12.3%),,,,,,,56.5%,,65%63.1%49.1%44.4%2Figure2DistributionofPublicPoliciesonNormalizingHighSRBatDifferentDimensionsofIndividualBehaviors,,,,,,,:(),83.2%,77%,88.2%,100%,,15%,,11%,5%,,,,,,34,,5101,,,,,,,,,,,10.8%1%,(88.2%),(67.4%),,17.3%15.3%,,(44.3%)(53.3%),2.4%,,,,;,,,,,,,&,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3,,,,,80%,;,77%,100%,,,12.5%4.3%;,1023411%,;5%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;,,,14.8%10.8%,,,3.3%1%,∋((100%),(55.6%)(44.4%),,(93.7%);(65%),(67.5%),(11.7%),(11%),,,,5:,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,;,,,,&;,,,,,,5103/Reference:1Prochaska,J.andDiClemente,C.1984.TheTrans-theoreticalApproach:CrossingTraditionalBoundariesofTherapy.Homewood,IL,DowJones-Irwin.2穆光宗,余利明,杨越忠.出生人口性别比问题治理研究.中国人口科学,2007;3:81~88MuGuangzong,YuLimingandYangYuezhong.2007.ResearchonHandlingSexRatioUnbalanceatBirthinChina:Stage,Characteristics,MechanismandProspects.ChineseJournalofPopulationScience3:81-88.3宋健.协调社会政策:治理出生性别比偏高的根本途径.中国党政干部论坛,2007;5:30~32SongJian.2007.CoordinationofSocialPolicy:theFundamentalWaytoControltheHighS