美国历史Chapter II

ChapterIITheRevolutionaryPeriod(1763-1789)Pre-readingQuestions:•HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheSevenYears’War?•WhywasthereasharpcontradictionbetweenBritainandtheColonies?•Whateventsintensifiedthiscontradiction?•Whateventmarkedtheoutbreakofthewar?•WhowastheleaderoftheAmericancolonistsandwhodraftedtheDeclarationofIndependence?TheSevenYear’sWar:•Whowerethetwowarringparties?TheSevenYears’WarwasbetweenBritainandFrance.•Whatdidtheyfightfor?TheyfoughtoverthecontrolofNorthAmericancolonies.•Whatwastheresultofthewar?Intheend,BritaindefeatedFrance.Duringapeacenegotiation,BritainacquiredFrenchholdingsinCanadaandFloridafromFrance’sally,Spain.•Whatweretheeffectsofthewaronthecolonies?Britainaccumulatedalargedebtoverthecourseofthewar.Tohelppayoffthedebt,Britainturnedtothecoloniestogeneraterevenue.TheSharpeningContradictionbetweenBritainandtheColoniesReason:BritainbegantospeedupitseconomicexploitationandplunderafterthefoundingofthethirteencoloniesinNorthAmerica.Ittriedtocontrolallthetradeinthecolonies.(Mercantilism)EspeciallyaftertheSevenYear’sWar,itexercisedmoreandmorestrictpoliciesuponthecolonialpeople,tryingtotakemoreprofitsoutofhercolonies.IntensificationoftheContradiction1.TheStampAct2.TheBostonMassacre3.TheBostonTeaParty4.FirstContinentalCongress5.ThomasPaine’sCommonSenseTheStampAct:•Time:In1765theBritishParliamentpassedtheStampAct.•Content:Itrequiredthatallnewspapers,pamphlets,legaldocuments,commercialbills,advertisements,andotherpapersissuedinthecoloniesbearastamp.•Response:1.Theactwasmetwithagreatuproarinthecolonies.Itwasdenouncedbythoseitmostaffected:businessmen,merchants,journalists,lawyers,andotherpowerfulpersons;2.Thecolonistsarguedthattheyshouldn’tbetaxedsincetheyhadnorepresentationintheBritishgovernment;3.AssociationsknownastheSonsofLibertywereformedtoorganizeoppositiontotheStampAct;4.MerchantsboycottedEnglishgoods;5.Stampdistributorswereforcedtoresignandstampsweredestroyed.•Result:Facedwithalossoftrade,ParliamentrepealedtheStampActin1766.ButitwasjustthebeginningoftheproblemsbetweenthecolonistsandtheBritish.BostonMassacre:•Background:TensionsbetweentheAmericancolonistsandtheBritishwerealreadyrunninghighintheearlyspringof1770.•Event:OnMarch5,1770,acrowdofjeeringBostoniansslingingsnowballsgatheredaroundasmallgroupofBritishsoldiersguardingtheBostonCustomHouse.Thesoldiersbecameengagedafteroneofthemhadbeenhit,andtheyfiredintothecrowd,eventhoughtheywereunderordersnottofire.Theirshotshitandkilledfourcivilians.•Result:TheeventinBostonhelpedtounitethecoloniesagainstBritain.WhatstartedasaminorfightbecameaturningpointinthebeginningsoftheAmericanRevolution.TheBostonMassacrehelpedsparkthecolonists’desireforAmericanindependence.TheBostonTeaParty•Background:Intheearly1770sBritaintriedtohelpitseconomicallydistressedEastIndiaCompany.Itgavethecompanytherighttosellteadirectlytothecolonists,atacheaperprice,ratherthantocolonialimporters.ImporterswereupsetandbeganaboycottoftheEastIndiaCompany’steaalongtheAtlanticcoast.(1)EastIndiaCompany:monopolyonallteaexportedtothecolonies;supplyretailersdirectly(2)Colonialmerchants:lossoftrade•Event:OntheeveningofDecember16,1773,inBoston,someangrybusinessmendisguisedthemselvesasIndiansandthrew342chestsofteaintotheharborwaters.•Response:TheBritishparliamentretaliatedbyclosingthePortofBostonandbypassingotherlawsknownastheIntolerableActsin1774,andthecolonialpatriotscalledaContinentalCongressandorderedageneralboycottofEnglishgoods.FirstContinentalCongress•Backgrounds:IndignationagainstEngland’scolonialpolicyreachedfeverpitchinthecoloniesafterthepassageoftheIntolerableActs.TheSonsofLibertyandtheCommitteesofCorrespondencepromotedtheideaofaninter-colonialassembly.•In1774,representativesfromeachcolony,exceptGeorgia,metinPhiladelphia.•TherepresentativesgatheredtodiscusstheirresponsetotheBritishIntolerableActsandtheirrelationshipwithBritain,andhowtoasserttheirrightswiththeBritishgovernment.•ThemembersagreedtoboycottBritishgoodsandpassedresolutionsassertingcolonialrights.•TheyalsoagreedtomeetagaininMay1775,iftheBritishdidn’tchangetheirpolicies.Process:ThomasPaine’sCommonSense•OnJanuary10,1776,ThomasPainepublishedabookletcalledCommonSensetomobilizethecoloniststostriveforindependence.•Inthebooklet,Painedescribedhisvisionofagovernmentinwhichthepeople,throughtheirelectedrepresentatives,wouldhavesupremepower.•ThomasPainewasthefirsttoopenlysuggestindependencefromBritain.•Thebookletwasbroadlycirculated,andevenGeorgeWashingtonreadit.•Paine’sbookletinspiredthecolonistsandwouldhaveamajorinfluenceonThomasJeffersoninhiswritingoftheDeclarationofIndependence.WarforIndependenceWhatmarkedtheoutbreakoftheWar?---theFireofLexingtonOnApril19th,1775asmallbattletookplacebetweentheBritishsoldiersandthemilitiameninLexingtonandConcordnearBoston.TheywerethefirstgunshotswhichweregenerallyconsideredasthepreludeofthegreatWarofIndependence.TheSecondContinentalCongress•Time:onMay10,1775•Content:1.TheContinentalCongressestablishedthemilitiaastheContinentalArmytorepresentthestates.2.TheyalsoelectedGeorgeWashingtonasCommanderinChiefoftheContinen