翻译考试

翻译考试第一章概论一、翻译定义及性质•将某一语言活动的言语产物转换到另一语言中去。源出语thesourcelanguage目的语thetargetlanguage/接受语thereceptorlanguage•Totranslateis“tochangeintoanotherlanguage,retainingthesense”.•Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.1.再现原文的信息message2.对等equivalence3.意义是优先考虑的因素meaning4.文体style二、翻译的标准1.严复的三字标准信、达、雅2.忠实和通顺忠实：忠于原作内容通顺：译文语言通顺易懂，符合规范三、翻译过程理解表达核校1.理解•64arethesixthpowerof2.•Weneedatelescopewithhighpower.•Sheiscleverandindustrious(勤奋).•Sheiscleverandalwaysgetswhatshewantsbyplayingofficepolitics(手腕).•Wewerebetrayedbyakiss.•我们被无耻叛徒出卖了。2.表达直译literaltranslation意译freetranslation•Heisapapertiger.他是只纸老虎。•Thismattermakeshimloseface.这事使他丢脸。--Howmuchhaveyousuffered,Jane?--Alot.--Jane,你吃了多少苦？--一言难尽。•Afilthy(肮脏的)mouthcannotutterdecent(得体的)language.狗嘴里吐不出象牙。•Whatisdoneisdone.木已成舟。•Kickingamanwhenheisdown.打落水狗。/落井下石。注意：1).英文的修饰短语出现在名词之后；中译时，就要移到名词之前。•Jennyisagirlofgreatintelligence.Jenny是个很聪明的女孩。•DoyouknowthemansittingnexttoPeter?你认识坐在彼得旁边的那个人吗？2).英文的日期、地点等的排列是从小单位到大单位；中文相反。•Helenwasbornat10p.m.onMarch3rd,1990.•HecamefromasmalltowninJohoreMalaysia.3).中英文词类不一定对应，必须进行调整。•Jackismentallysoundbutphysicallyweak.Jack思想健全、身体虚弱。（副词变名词）•Yesterday’sstageperformancewasaquiteasuccess.昨天的舞台表演相当成功。（名词变形容词）4).中英文句式不吻合时，就要变动•Thiscanbedoneandmustbedone.这件事可以办并且必须办。•ItmustbeadmittedthatSingaporeisasmallislandcountry.我们必须承认新加坡是个小岛国。英文被动语态变成中文主动语态英文的简单句变成中文的复杂句。•Hisfailuretoobservethetrafficrulesresultedintheroadaccident.由于他没有遵守交通规则，所以导致了公路意外。第二章英汉语言对比分析一、英汉词汇比较大雪红茶红糖浓茶浓墨浓汤浓烟heavysnowblackteabrownsugarstrongteathick/darkinkthicksoupheavy/densesmoke喝汤eatsoup发脾气losetemper露一手showahand红眼病green-eyed哭穷poor-mouth大水bigflood闯红灯runaredlight不论晴雨rainorshine黄金时间primetime二、英汉短语表达的不同特色1.形式有异，实质吻合严打直译strikehardcampaign意译nationalcampaignagainstmajorcrimes2.说法不一乱七八糟likeakettle(桶，罐)offish老百姓themaninthestreet3.汉英说法类似throwcoldwater泼冷水plainsailing一帆风顺talentfairs人才市场spendmoneylikewater花钱如流水Wallshaveears.隔墙有耳。blackMonday黑色星期一三、英汉句子的差异英语：雄孔雀汉语：雄狮英语：葡萄汉语：竹竿注：长句结构的转换1.弄清语法关系2.区分主从意思3.确定表达顺序•MarketresearchshowsthatWestern-stylefast-foodconsumptionwillcontinuetogrowinChina,atanannualrateofmorethan45percentinthecomingfewyears,whileChinesefast-foodoutletsareprojectedtogrowby15percent.•市场调查显示，在未来几年里，西式快餐的消费在中国将以每年超过45%的速度持续增长，而中式快餐店有望增加15%。第三章英译汉常用技巧一、词义选择法一词多义•I’lloverlookitthistime;butdon’tdoitagain.我这次可以不计较这件事，但下不为例。•Shedidn’tknowshewasoverlookedbythepolice.她不知道她正受到警察的监视。•Likesknowslike.英雄识英雄。二、词类转译法Didyouseetheboyinblue?介词动词你看见那个穿蓝衣服的男孩了吗？I’mabsolutelysureofhishonesty.形容词动词我绝对肯定他是诚实的。三、增词法由于意义表达的需要或者汉语语法的要求，有时需要增加一些原文中没有的词。•He’llseeyouaftertheparty.他晚会结束后见你。•Shehasbeenillforthreedays.她已经病了三天了。四、减词法•Whenhewasastudent,helivedonbreadandwater.他当学生的时候，()每天靠面包和开水活着。•Ireceivedyourletterandreaditagainandagain.我收到你的信并且读了又读。•Itisunusuallyhotthisyear.今年热得很不寻常。•Shecoveredherfacewithherhand.她用()手捂住()脸。五、重复法•Myroomislighterthantheonenextdoor.我的屋子比隔壁的屋子亮。--Ithoughttheactingwasgreat.--SodidI.--我认为表演好极了。--我也认为这样。•Newrecordsandinventionsarebeingmadecontinually.新纪录和新发明不断出现。六、语态转换法英语中被动语态的使用范围广泛，汉语中的被动语态通过“把”“被”等词体现出来，但使用范围小于英语，因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。Itisassertedthat有人主张Itisbelievedthat有人认为Itisconsideredthat众人认为Itiswellknownthat众所周知Itwillbesaid有人会说Itwastoldthat有人曾经说Itishopedthat希望Itisreportedthat据报道Itissaidthat据说Itissupposedthat据推测Itmustbeadmittedthat必须承认Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出Itwillbeseenfromthisthat由此可见七、英语谚语的汉译•Pridecomesbeforeafall.•Twoiscompany,butthreeisnone.•Newbroomsweepsclean.•Speakofthedevil,andheappears.•Murderwillout.•Don’tdotootherswhatyoudon’twantothersdotoyou.练习：1.Hewasbusywritingthestoryallthemorning,onlybreakingoffoccasionallytohaveacupoftea.•整个上午他都在忙于写那篇故事，只是偶尔停下来喝杯茶。2.Lenniewaslateforschoolagainthismorning.Heoughtto/shouldhavegotupearlier.Hemusthavestayeduptoolatelastnight.•伦尼今天早晨上学又迟到了。他应该早一点起床的。肯定是昨晚睡得太晚了。3.Hefailedintheexam,whichhasmadehimawareoftheimportanceofreviewinghislessonsregularly.•他这次考试失败使他意识到定期复习功课是多么重要。4.Thepurposeofhisarticleistotellthestudentshowtodevelopgoodstudyhabits.•这篇文章的目的是告诉学生怎么培养良好的学习习惯。5.ApushtodeveloptheNorth,quickenedbythemeltingoftheArcticseas,carriesitsownrewardsanddangersforpeopleintheregion.•开发北方的步伐因北极海域的冰融化而加快。这对当地百姓来说，既会带来好处，也会带来危险。6.Asregardshealth,IhavenothingusefultosaysinceIhavelittleexperienceofillness.IeatanddrinkwhateverIlike,andsleepwhenIcannotkeepawake.•谈到健康问题，我就没什么可说的了，因为我没怎么生过病。我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就喝什么，眼睛睁不开就睡觉。第四章汉译英常用技巧一、汉语词语英译时的准确处理维护世界和平是大有希望的。•Theprospectforworldpeaceisverybright.新世纪即将到来之际AsthenewcenturyapproachesOnthevergeofthenewcenturyAtthedawnofthenewcentury•我最近常常想到你和贵国。Youandyourcountryhavebeenmuchinmythoughtsrecently.•在当今时代，人们越来越多地依靠计算机来解决各种各样的难题。Inourage,peopledependmoreoncomputerstosolvevariouskindsofdifficultproblems.•每个国家都得根据自己的传统寻找发展方案。Eachcountryhastolookfordevelopmentapproacheswithinitsowntraditions.二、汉语词语英译时的增补处理1.代词接到你的来信，非常高兴。•Iwasverygladtohavereceivedyourletter.乐意为您效劳。•I’mwillingtoserveyou.请原谅，打断你一下。•Excusemeforinterruptingyou.2.连词姐在等我，我得走了。•Mysisterisexpectingme,soImustbeoffnow.他不来，我不走。•Ishallnotgountilhecomes.3.介词你是白