英语中的变音现象

我们都有过这样沮丧的经验，很容易听懂中国人说的英语，但是同样的对话一到英美人的嘴里，便觉得很难跟上，有时甚至是不知所云。这主要是因为我们说的英语通常单词一个一个的发，每个都很清晰，词与词之间有明显的pause,但是英美人的口语会有很多音变，这些音变使得我们很熟悉的单词的发音变得陌生，难懂，给我们的听力造成了很大的困难，因此了解并使用各音变规则会帮助我们提高听力，使我们的发音更加地道。音变主要有连读、失音、弱化、浊化、同化、重音、缩读等形式。言归正题,以下列出给听力造成很大障碍的五种音变现象及其读音规则，以及最后一项关于英语的节奏，希望能有所帮助！一、连读连读有四种类型：1Consonant/Vowel2Consonant/Consonant3Vowel/Vowel4T,D,S,orZ+Y1、以辅音结尾的单词+元音开头的单词：要连读如：Youreyes1a(onea)abowlofrice.MynameisLA(LosAngeles)[elei]902-5050[nainoutu:faivoufaivou]注意：以辅音结尾指的是音标中的最后一个音是辅音，而不是单词的结尾，这如同u[ju:.]niversity前面的定冠词必须用a一样。另：以辅音结尾的单词+h开头的单词h不发音，人称代词：he、him、her、his与前面的辅音连读。Didhe?Doeshe?Washe?Hashe?Ishe?Willhe?Wouldhe?Canhe?Wouldn'tyou?(woodenchew?)Shouldn'tI?(shudnnai)Won'the?(wonknee?)Didn'the?(didnknee?)Hasn'the?(hazaknee?)Wouldn'the?(woodenknee?)Isn'the?(isaknee?)Isn'tit?(isanit?)Doesn'tit?(duzanit?)Aren'tI?(arenai?)Won'tyou?(wonchew?)Don'tyou?(donchew?)Can'tyou?(canchew?)Couldyou?(kudʒu:?)Wouldyou?(wud3ju?)Tellhimtoaskher….LeavehimForhimGiveherabook.Giv-erabook.Tellhimtoaskher.Tell-imtoask-er.Whatwillhedo?Whatwill-ido?Wherewillhego?Wherewill-igo?Whenwillhecome?Whenwill-icome?whowillhemeet?whowill-imeet?Howwillheknow?Howwill-iknow?Hashegone?Has-igone?Hadhedoneitbefore?Had-idoneitbefore?Musthego?Must-igo?Canhedoit?Can-idoit?Shouldheleave?Should-ileave?2、辅音+辅音的连读如果前面的单词结尾的清辅音，后面单词开头是与之相对应的浊辅音，或者相反，只发后面的辅音t-dtʃ-dʒs-zʃ-ʒp-bf-vk-gsitdownIdon’tknow（发音再次的老师都不会发出[t]音）Ijustdidn'tgetthechance.BigcakeDadtoldmeHugechangeGoodnight3、元音+元音当前面的单词以元音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，两个元音连读，连读的方法是在中间加w或者加j.以ou结尾的元音后面一般加w。而以长元音i:结尾的后面加jGo(w)awaywho(w)isso(w)honestdo(w)I?she(j)is但发这两个音的时候不要太强太故作。不然的话还不如不发。4、T,D,S,orZ+Y的连读：当一个单词是以tdsz结尾，后面的单词是以y（j）开头的话要连读：4-1t+y连读成/tʃ/What’syourname?Can’tyoudoit?I’llletyouknow.4-2d+y连读成/dʒu:/DidyouseeitHowdidyoulikeit?Couldyoutell?4-3s+y连读ʃYes,youareBlessyouGuessyourage4-4z+y连读成ʒHow’syourfamily?Who’syourfriend?When’syourbirthday?呵呵！我第一次知道这一连读规则时，兴奋不已，很容易的听懂了许多以前觉得很难以理解的句子，并且按照这种连读方式发音省力、轻松了许多。二、失音由于失去爆破是失音的一种现象，摩擦音也会被失去，所以统称为失音。注意：爆破音并不是完全失去，仍然形成阻碍，把气流堵在里面，但不爆破，直接发出相邻的辅音。Disappearing/T/关于/t/失音问题：Thesound/t/tendstobeunstableinmanywordsandphrases.Sometimesit'sthere.Sometimesitisn't.Thereisaprocesscalledelisionwhichdeletes/t/whenitisprecededbyavoicelessconsonantandfollowedbyanyconsonantexcept/h/.Herearesomeexamples:ChristmaslastweekmostpeopleactsensiblysoftwareinternationalDisappearing/d/wesawthat/t/candisappearincertaincircumstances.Thesameistrueof/d/,butthecircumstancesareslightlydifferent.If/d/isprecededbyavoicedconsonant/bdgvDzZdZmnNl/anditisfollowedbyaconsonantotherthan/h/,thenitcanbedeleted(elided).Herearesomeexamples:handbagoldmanusedtoTakentogether,thedisappearanceof/t/and/d/iscalledalveolarplosiveelision.三、浊化1、[S]后面的清辅音要浊化[k]浊化成[g]skyDiscussion：[t]浊化成[d]Stand[p]浊化成[b]speakExpression还有[tr]—[dr]strike2、美音中t在单词的中间被浊化成[d]如：writer，听起来和rider的发音几乎没有区别letter—ladderoutof2-1在单词的前面或后面就不浊化比如：Tedtooktentomatoes.first,coast,hot,late,fat,goat,hit,put,not,hurt,等。2-2在过去式中ed的发音：在清辅音后面发t:laughed[la:ft],picked[pIkt],hoped[houpt],raced[reist],watched[wa:tʃt],washed[wa:ʃt]在浊辅音后面发d:halved[hævd],rigged[rigd],nabbed[næbd],raised[reizd],smoothed[smu:ðd]Exceptions:wicked[wikd],naked[nakd],crooked[kr¨1d],etcT或d后面发/id/startedfounded2-3t和n连在一起的时候，由于口位差不多，通常t就不发音了。1.interview-innerview2.Internet-innernet3.twenty–twenny4.winter–winner或winder5.enter-enner或ender美国人和加拿大人发音为了省事，习惯清音浊化，尤其是[t]在单词的中间一定会浊化成[d]，但英国人发音不会这样，这也是英音和美音的一大区别。了解这一浊化原则，会给听力带来一些帮助。四、弱读一般来说：实词重读，如动词、名词、副词等；虚词弱读，如介词、代词等弱读的规则一般是：元音音节弱化成[ə]或[ʌ]比如说如下几个单词：for/to/some/does/of查字典会发现这些词都至少有两种读音，如for:重读时[fɔ:],弱读时[fə]to有三种读法[tu:][tə][t]some也有三种读法[sʌm][səm][sm].does也有两种读法[dʌz][dəz]of居然有四种读法[ɔv][əv][v][f],没想到啊！真是没想到啊！举几个例子：1、To的弱读：to的前面是辅音弱读成t或tətoday/t’dei/tonight/t’nait/wehaveto/hæftə/go.To的前面如果是元音，那就弱读成d或dəIgoto/goudə/workataquartertotwoWeplantodoit.2、for的弱读：在句中读/fər/句末读/fɔ:r/Thisisfor/fər/you.It'sfor/fər/myfriend.Whatisthisfor/fɔ:r/?Whodidyougetitfor/fɔ:r/?3、and弱读成/n/breadandbutter4、or弱读成/ər/Soupor/su:pər/salad?leftorright5、are弱读成/ər/Whatareyoudoing?Howareyou?6、your弱读成/jər/How'syourfamily?Isthisyourcar?还有很多，希望多听，细心体会。五、缩读：我在网上下了个供大家参考StandardEnglishReducedformsexamplebecausekuzIdon'twannagototheparty,kuzitsoundsboring.betyoubetchaIbetchacan'teattenhotdogs!couldhave+consonantkudaYoukudagonewithme,ifyou'dtoldmeinplentyoftime.couldhave+vowelkudavIwassohungry,Ikudaveatenahorse.didyoudidja/didyaDidjalikethefilm?don'tyoudonchaDonchaknow?getyougetchaI'llgetchaadrink.givemegimmeGimmeallyourmoney!goingto+verbgonnaI'mgonnadomyhomeworknow.gotyougotchaIgotchathatcandybaryouaskedfor.hastohastaHehastaknowhowmuchhemeanstome.havetohaftaIhaftacleanthehousebeforeIgoout.howareyou+verbhowaryaHowaryadoin'?Idon'tknowIdunnoIdunnowhattothinkaboutthat.kindof+consonantkindaI'mkindaworriedaboutthattest.kindof+vowelkindavThisbookiskindavinteresting.kindsof+consonantkindsaWhatkindsaclothesdoesthatshopsell?kindsof+vowelkindsavLookatallthosedifferentkindsavorangesforsale!letmelemmeLemmein!lotof+consonantlottaI'vegotalottarespectforthatguy.lotof+vowellottavTherewerealottavEnglishpeopleattheparty.lotsof+consonantlotts