耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡.12.Open.Yale.course—Philosophy：Deat

之前我们已对人格同一性的关键We'vedistinguishedthreedifferentviews将三种不同观点做了区分astothesecretorkeytopersonalidentityacrosstime.分别是灵魂观点肉体观点There'sthesoulview,thebodyview,以及人格观点andthepersonalityview.我们暂不展开灵魂理论Puttingaside,forthemostpart,thesoulview,因为我已论证过世界上没有灵魂becauseI'vearguedthattherearenosouls--虽然有时候为了比较althoughoccasionallyIbringitout或者对比方便我会提到它justforthesakeofcomparisonandcontrast--我们主要需要问自己themainquestionwewanttoaskourselves到底选择肉体理论ishowtochoosebetweenthebodyview还是人格理论andthepersonalityview.肉体理论认为应该以肉体为标准Thebodyviewsaysfollowthebody.将来若有人占据我的肉体那他就是我Ifsomebodyaroundinthefuture'sgotmybody,that'sme.人格理论的评判标准则是人格Thepersonalityviewsaysfollowthepersonality,即由信仰欲望记忆thatis,thesetofbeliefs,desires,memories,目标野心等组成的整体goals,ambitions,andsoforth.如果将来某个人Somebodyaroundinthefuture拥有我的记忆that'sgotmymemories,我的信仰我的欲望那他就是我mybeliefs,mydesires,that'sme.这两个观点我们该如何抉择呢Howshouldwechoosebetweenthesetwoviews?上节课结尾我曾提到AsImentionedattheendoflastlecture,我想给大家做一套思考实验whatIwanttodoisofferusasetofthoughtexperiments.我们只能通过思考实验的形式They'vegottobethoughtexperiments,因为在现实生活中becauseinreallife,肉体和人格总是并存的bodiesandpersonalitiesgohandinhand.但通过做一些科幻实验Butbydoingsomesciencefictionexperiments,我们可以将二者分开并且扪心自问wecantakethemapartandaskourselves,究竟在我心目中哪一个才是我WhichonedoIthinkisme?当我的肉体Whenmybodygoesoneway和我的人格背道而驰andmypersonalitygoesanotherway,我又该何去何从wheredoIgo?再次提醒大家Again,justtoremindyou,为了让你们更直观地感受inordertogettheintuitionsactuallyflowing,一旦我把肉体和人格分离开来whatI'mgoingtodoonceI'veseparated我将从二者中选其一thebodyandthepersonalitythisway,对其进行折磨istortureoneoftheendproducts.所以我要请大家SoI'mgoingtobeaskingyou将自己置身其中toputyourselfinthefirstperson.想象这正发生在你自己身上Imaginethisishappeningtoyou.问问你自己Andaskyourself,我希望哪个受折磨WhichonedoIwanttobetortured?或者我希望哪个不被折磨OrwhichonedoIwanttonotbetortured?因为那会帮你们发现Becausethatwillgiveyousomekindofevidence那个才是你内心真正所选astowhichoneyoutaketobeyou.大家用这种自省方式Andthinkaboutthisinthatspecialfirstperson来自然地思考下这个问题ego-concernedwaythatcomesnaturallytous.先不考虑Justbracketanymoralconcerns你可能会折磨他人youmayhaveabouttorturingotherpeople或同意他人被折磨的道德问题oragreeingthatsomebodyelseshouldbetortured.就我们的目的而言此时此刻Forourpurposes,rightnow,如果我从课堂上拉出一个志愿者ifIbroughtupavolunteerfromtheclass-然后问他你在这里andI'maskingyou--here'syou,那边还有另一个志愿者there'stheothervolunteer--你想让我折磨你俩中的哪一个呢whichonedoyouwanttobetortured?回答肯定是折磨他吧It's,Letthatonebetortured.我就免了Don'tletithappentome.这样我们就可以发现自己内心的真实所想That'showweknowthisismespeaking.好了这就是我要问你们的问题Allright,sothat'sthequestionI'mgoingtoaskyou.我可能会逐步深入这个实验I'llprobablyslipintotalkingaboutthisexperiment就像发生在我身上一样asthoughit'sbeingdonetome.但为了更形象你们也应该Buttogetitvivid,youshouldthinkofit将自己摆在实验者的角度去思考asthoughit'sbeingdonetoyou.介绍完I'llmention,justinpassing,这几个思维实验以后thatthesethoughtexperimentsthatI'mabouttogive,我还会演示英国哲学家I'mgoingtogiveapairofthem,伯纳德·威廉姆斯的comefromBernardWilliams,伯纳德·威廉姆斯当代英国最杰出的道德哲学家他认为道德反省最初的基础必须是个人的观点即行为的内在理由两个实验who'saBritishphilosopher.好了现在做第一个实验Allright,socasenumberone.Hereyouare.有个疯狂的科学家绑架了你并对你说Themadscientisthaskidnappedyouandhesays:我在造思想调换器I'vebeenworkingonmindtransfermachines.除了你AndwhatI'mgoingtodoisI'vegotyou我还绑架了琳达andI'vealsokidnappedsomebodyelseoverhere,Linda.我要把你俩联接到我的机器上AndI'mgoingtohookyouuptomymachines然后调换你们的思想andswapyourminds.也就是说我会从你的脑子里Andwhatthatmeansis,I'mgoingtoreadoffthememories读取你的记忆信仰欲望andthebeliefsandthedesiresfromyourbrain并从琳达的脑子里andreadoffthememories读取她的记忆信仰欲望anddesiresandbeliefsfromLinda'sbrain.然后将琳达的记忆信仰等AndthenI'mgoingtoelectronicallytransfer用电子方式输送到这里Linda'smemoriesandbeliefsandsoforthoverhere植入你的大脑andimplantthemontothisbrain.再将你的记忆信仰等Andtakeyourmemoriesandbeliefsandsoforth植入琳达的大脑andimplantthemontoLinda'sbrain.整个过程中我们会先将你催眠First,we'llputyoutosleepwhenwedoallthisprocedure.然后当你醒来时Thenwhenyouwakeup,你将处于琳达的肉体里youwillwakeupinLinda'sbody.接下来There'llbesomethingherethat,你醒后就会说you'llwakeupandyou'llsay,我怎么会在这个新的肉体里WhatamIdoinginthisnewbody?我的胡子上哪去了Whathappenedtomybeard?我怎么在用这种女高音说话HowcomeI'mspeakinginthishighfemalevoice?但不论如何你心里知道Whateveritis,butyou'llthinktoyourself,我是雪莱·卡根Well,hereIam,ShellyKagan.貌似我困在了琳达的肉体里IseemtobeinhabitingLinda'sbody.我也不知道是怎么一回事Don'tknowhowthathappened.哦对了有个疯子科学家绑架了我Ohyes,themadscientistkidnappedme把我俩对调了andhetransferredus,heswappedus.他把我俩的肉体和思想对调了Heswappedourbodies,swappedourminds.我猜大概就是这样吧Iguessthewholethingworks.于是他对你做出如此一番解释Sothemadscientistexplainsallofthistoyou,不过更可恶的是butinordertogiveitalittlekicker,他还是个邪恶的疯子科学家becausehe'salsoanevilmadscientist--疯子科学家本身就够邪恶的了thatmaybeevilalready,但他还是个邪恶的疯子科学家butbecausehe'sanevilmadscientist--他说当我完成后hesays,andthenwhenI'mdone--这儿还有个装着琳达人格的雪莱肉体Sooverherewe'vegotShelly'sbodybutLinda'spersonality.琳达会想我在干吗SoLindathinkingWhatamIdoing?我怎么会在雪莱的肉体里andWhatamIdoinginShelly'sbody?我怎么长胡子了HowdidIgetabeard?于是这边是装着琳达人格的雪莱肉体Sooverhere,Linda,inShelly'sbody.这边是装有雪莱人格的琳达肉体Overhere,Shelly,inLinda'sbody.我要折磨其中一个I'mgoingtotortureoneofthese.但由于我是个仁慈的邪恶的疯子科学家ButbecauseI'magenerousevilmadscientist,我想先问问你我该折磨哪一个IwanttoaskyouwhichoneshouldItorture?对于这个问题Now,whenIthinkaboutthis,andagain,我再次请你们置身其中来思考I'minvitingyoutothinkaboutthisinthefirstperson,假设这事发生在你们身上sothisishappeningtoyou.就我自己考虑的结果我会说WhenIthinkaboutthis,Isay折磨这边这位吧T