一、X射线学基础及发展史

2005211X--X191219271936Å0.2~2.2W~Cr0.037~0.0087100~1000kV0.1~1nm0.001~10-5g100~3000Å~10-17g~0.00001Å~0.01Å1~Å2X1X2X3X4)XX12345;6……3X124X1X2X3XX1X1895(WCRontgen)XXX(RontgenNature1896)XXX1-1X(CGBarkla)X1905XX2X21912(MVonLaue)XXFridrichKnippingX4XXXXLaueXLauea(cosα-cosα0)=Hλb(cosβ-cosβ0)=Kλ1−1c(cosγ-cosγ0)=Lλabcα0β0γ0XαβγλXHKL(WHBraggWLBragg)Xθθ1-2Xδ=CB+BD=2dsinθX2dsinθ=nλ1-2BraggLaueXi1-3Xl913BraggXX3X1-3X()X3~1XXXXXX1XXXXXZXUiX1-4XXλ0λ0λλ0λλ0λλλ1-4abcXXUIZ1-41XUiλ0λm2XZλ0λm3XU(iZ)λ0λmXUeUλ0eU=hν=hc/λ0λ0(nm)=1.239854/U(kV)X,XX452XXXXX20.0kV20.0kVX0.7107nm0.63225nm(l-5)KαKβUk1-11-535kVXl-535kVX1119081911(CGBarkla)XKLMNOXM.SiegbahnXKLMNO6M.SiegbahnXKLMNOXKLMNK1-6α1α2β1β3γ1γ21-6n1234∆≠0l012n-1∆l=1jl≠0-1/2∆j=011-6LIIIKKα1LIIKKα2LMNKKMNLLXX/cchhhEλνν===c∆KLIII+Kα1U=69.51keVU=10.20keV59.31keVKLII+Kα2U=69.51keVU=11.54keV57.97keVλKα1=0.0209nmλKα2=0.02139nmX(LK)(MK)KαKβX12ZMLKλMλLλK;3XZ4IKILIMINXKαKβIKα1=2IKα2Kα1223KKKαααλλλ+=KβKβ1IKβ1=IKα1/54X1916X1917XX--(Debye-Scherrer-Hull)X5X1.Bragg,φ2θλλ'1-72.1912ComptonXCompton1-77X∆λ=λ−λ=0(1cos2)hmcθ−1−3sinθ/λCompton3.XXXXXXX4.Auger1925AugerAugerKLIIIKEK-ELIIILIIAugerE=EK-ELIII-ELIIAugerKLIIILIIKLIIILIIXAuger1-8XAugerAugerKLLLMMMNNAugereVAugerAuger1-8XAuger85.6.XXAugerXXXXXx1-1000000,lnlmxlxItxllIxttdIdxIdIIdxtIIIIeIeµµρµµµ−−=−=−=−==∫∫1-41-10XI0XIXtµlXρµl/ρµmµl/ρ11()nnlmiiiiwµµρ====∑∑miiwµ1-5wiicm2/gXX1-11I0Ift1-11t=(sinθ/2µl)·ln(I0/If)1-6µl9Xλλ=1.35λ0λ07.XXXXµmλ3Z3µmλµm-λ1−12KXKKµmKLILIILIII…LILIILIII…µλλλλ1-12λΚλLIλLIIλLIIIXXKαKλKαλΚKKαKZZ+1ZZZZZ+1ZKKαKβXKαKβKβXΚλKαλKβKβKα10Kα1−12ZZ=Z-1ZZ=Z-2111-2λKαλKβλKZCr24Mn25Fe26Co27Ni28Cu29Zn30λKαÅ2.291002.210311.93731.79021.64441.54181.4364λKβÅ2.084871.91021.75651.62071.50011.39221.29525λKÅ2.07011.89641.74291.60821.488071.38061.2833X1-131-12