国外隐喻研究综述

中国社会科学院语言研究所　林书武　　:,,。(),,,Lakoff。:、　　,。E.SteinhartE.F.Kittay,、、,(Asher,1994:vol.5)。KirstenMalmkjær(1991)“”,“”“”,“”“”,、。AndrewOrtony(1993)《》“”,,,。F.R.Ankersmitetal(1993)《》“”,“”(cognitivetruth);,,,,,,。M.C.Beardsley《》(Paul,1967)“”,,“”、“”。(1996)、、。,[][],。,,,。MarkTurner(1991):“;,;;()(),。,”。,。1.　　。,“,,`’`’,`’`’,`’`’,”(《》,。,1986·11·　19971(109))。,。,G.Lakoff,“”。:(implicitcomparison),。,,,。。,,;、。,。、、,,。Ogden《》(1952),()()。,,。《:》,,(Briggs&Monaco,1990)。,,。:,,,,,,,,,。,,,;,,。,,,。,。、,OrtonyMalmkjaer“”。,;,,。,,。JeanPiaget,,。、,(,1996;,1995)。,,。,。,;,。2.(),。、。“AB”;+。,,。“AB”AB;,。Theskyiscrying(),(sky),“”(target),(crying),“”(source)。,。:Black、(1962:27);Lakoff(1989),:“Bigthunder,littlerain”(,),。,,。Lakoff,:·12·　“”。:。“,”。?Lakoff。,,。Richards(1936),A“”(topic)“”(tenor),B“”(vehicle)“”(ground)。“”。BlackA“、”(princi-palsubject),B“、”(sec-ondarysubject)。“”(frame),“”(thefocusofthemetaphor)。Black,,Richards。,Richards。《》(1936:93):“,(),,。”。,“,”(:94)。“”,。。“”“”。“”,“name”,“”。“`’`’”,。,“”“”,。Richards,。Kittay,;,:(Kit-tay,1989;,1994)。Lakoff(1980),,。,,。Lakoff,。《》“”,“,。”。。,。:。:,,“。;,,”(Lakoff&Turn-er,1989)。3.,,3:,,。。。,。,,,,,。3.1　,10,(Beardsley,1967)。。·13·　3.1.1　(substitutionview):,、,。。,。3.1.2　(comparisonview):,。,“AB”,AB。。,“”,??Black(1962)。3.1.3　(interactionview)::1);2)。,;,。,(),。。,,,Kittay,Lakoff。,。《》BipinIndurkhya(1992),,,。,,。。,,;,。Indurkhya。,:。;。;,,(),。Indurkhya,。:;,。3.2　,。、。3.2.1　。,。JonathanCohen:,。,。,,。?Cohen,,(),(Ortonyed.,1993)。SanGlucksberg&BoazKeysar,,,,,。:,,·14·　。3.2.2　。:,,,。Searle()。,,,。Searle,,,。“”,(Ortonyed.,1993)。D.Davidson“”(1979)。Searle。,。,“,。,。”Searle,。T.L.Morgan“”,Searle,。,,、、,(Ortonyed.1993)。SamuelR.Levin“,,:”Searle,,。。,“”,“”,Searle(Ortonyed.,1993)。4.。。Black“”,Scho　　　¨n,。,,;,。,,(Ortonyed.,1993)。,。Boyd,。,。Boyd,。,,,。,。,。,,“”(Ortonyed.,1993)。HughG.Petrie&R.S.Oshlag,,。,,,。,,,(Ortonyed.,1993)。RichardE.Mayer。“”,。,。,(Ortonyed.,1993)。,()。DavidE.Rumelhart。,·15·　,;,。:,。,;,。“”,“”,“”(“”“”“”),“”1。,“”,“”,,。。,,。(Ortonyed.,1993)?5.Lakoff,、、。,。Lakoff。,、,GeorgeLakoff。,Lakoff,。5.1　Lakoff。:;,,。,。“”(ARGUMENTISWAR),“”(TIMEISMONEY),。,,,。Lakoff&Johnson(1980),()70%(,1995)。,Lakoff&Turner(1989),;,100,()。“”(LIFEISAJOURNEY),19。“”(DEATHISDEPARTURE),14。M.Reddy“(conduitmetaphor)100(Ortonyed.,1993),。,。,。、、、、。Lakoff:,,。;,,;。,Lakoff,,。5.2　Lakoff。,。,。,Lakoff;,。Lakoff(1987),。,,·16·　(embodiment[]2),、、,;,,,,,。Lakoff,()。,,,,Lakoff,。,(,Indurkhya1992)。　　((a))?((b)),()((c)),((d))。(),。。,(“”。,)。,,。Lakoff,。5.3　Lakoff。Lakoff,。。。,,,。:,;。Lakoff22“”,;,。1987,《》,(,1982)。,Lakoff。,,,、、、。:,,,,“with”,。,LakoffR.Langacker(,,1994),。Lakoff,,。·17·　:1.“”open,“openthelight”。“”,“”。2.“”,:。Lakoff。Ankersmit,F.R.&J.J.A.Wooij(eds.)1993.KnowledgeandLanguage,vol.Ⅲ:MetaphorandKnowledge.Dordrecht/Boston/London:KluwerAcademicPublishers.Aristotle.1954.RhetoricandPoetics.NewYork:TheModernLibrary.Asher,R.E.(editorinchief).1994.TheEncyclo-pediaofLanguageandLinguistics,vol.5.Oxford:PergamonPress.Beardsley,MonroeC.1967.Metaphor.InPaulEdwards(editorinchief),TheEncyclopediaofPhilosophy,vol.5.London:CollierMacmillanPublishers.Black,M.1962.ModelsandMetaphors.Ithaca:CornellUniversityPress.Briggs,J.&R.Monaco.1990.Metaphor:TheLogicofPoetry.AHandbook.NewYork:PaceUniversityPress.Cooper,D.E.1986.Metaphor.Oxford:BasilBlackwell.Davidson,D.1979.Whatmetaphormeans.InSheldonSacks(ed.).OnMetaphor.ChicagoandLondon:TheUniversityofChicagoPress.Gumpel,L.1984.MetaphorReexamined—ANon-AristotelianPerspective.IndianaUniversityPress.Hausman,C.R.1989.MetaphorandArt.Cam-bridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Hawkes,T.1977.Metaphor.Bristol;J.W.Ar-rowsmith.Hiraga,M.K.&J.Radwan'ska-Williams(eds.)1994.Specialissueonmetaphorandiconicity,JournalofPragmatics,vol.22,No.1.Indurkhya,B.1992.MetaphorandCognition-AnInteractionistApproach.Dordrecht/Boston/London:KluwerAcademicPublishers.Kittay,E.F.1989.Metaphor:ItsCognitiveForceandLinguisticStructure.Oxford:OxfordUni-versityPress.Ko¨vecses,Z.1990.EmotionConcepts.NewYork:Springer-Verlag.Lakoff,G.&M.Johnson.1980.MetaphorsWeLiveby.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress.Lakoff,G.1987.Women,Fire,andDangerousThings:WhatCategoriesRevealabouttheMind.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress.Lakoff,G.&M.Turner.1989.MorethanCoolReason.AFieldGuidetoPoeticMetaphor.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress.Langacker,R.W.1988.ReviewofLakoff:Wom-en,fire,anddangerousthings.Language64:384-395.Levin,S.R.1977.TheSemanticsofMetaphor.Baltimore:JohnHopkinsUniversityPress.MacCormase,E.R.1985.ACognitiveTheoryofMetaphor.Cambridge:MITPress.Malmkjaer,Kirsten.(ed.)1991.TheLinguisticsEncyclopedia.LondonandNewYork:Rout-ledgeOgden,C.K.&I.A.Richards.1952.TheMean-ingofMeaning:AStudyoftheInfluenceoftheScienceofSymbolismuponThought.(TenthEdition)London:Routledge&KeganPaulLtd.Ortony,A.(ed.)1993.MetaphorandThought.(2nded.)Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Richards,I.A.1936.ThePhilosophyofRhetoric.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.Ricoeur,Paul.1978.TheRuleofMetaphor(LaMétaphorevive).TranslatedbyRobertCzernywithKathleenMacLaughlinandJohnCostello.Routledge&KeganPaulLtd.Rudzka-Ostyn,Brygida(ed.).1988.TopicsinCognitiveLinguistics.Amsterdam/Philadelphia:JohnBenjaminsPublishingC