M3U2reading1

ReadingEnglishanditshistoryUnit2Lead-in:1.AreyougoodatEnglish?WhatdoyouthinkisthemostdifficultpartofstudyingEnglish-pronunciation,grammar,vocabularyorsomethingelse?2.DoyouthinkEnglishhasalwaysstayedthesame?Givesomeexamples.ThedevelopmentofEnglish早期日耳曼人西支部落（盎格鲁族·撒克逊族、朱特族和弗里西族）移民到英格兰，英语就是从他们的语言中变化继承下来。据《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》记载，公元449年左右，不列颠群岛国王伏提庚（Vortigern）邀请“盎格鲁亲戚们”来帮助他对抗皮克特人，于是他赐予盎格鲁族东南部的领土作为回报。随后他又进一步寻求支援，撒克逊族、盎格鲁族与朱特族人便纷纷前来。《编年史》记载，最终这些“移民”建立了七个王国：诺森伯利亚、麦西亚、东盎格利亚、肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯。日尔曼人入侵后，统治了当地的凯尔特语民族，本地语言主要于苏格兰、威尔士、康瓦耳与爱尔兰岛存活了下来。这些入侵者的语言逐渐形成了“古英语”，与近代弗里西语极为相像。English（英格兰人、英语）、England（英格兰）和EastAnglia（东盎格利亚）这三个词是分别从描绘盎格鲁族的词汇发展而来：Englisc、Angelcynn、Englaland。公元九世纪，斯堪的纳维亚人大规模侵入英国北部。九世纪末，入侵者几乎占领了整个英国的东半部。斯堪的纳维亚人说的是北日尔曼语。北日尔曼语和西日尔曼语的差别不是很悬殊。斯堪的纳维亚人入侵的结果使大量斯堪的纳维亚语（以古诺斯语OldNorse为代表）的词汇进入了古英语的词汇。古诺斯语和古英语有很多同义词汇，结果古诺斯语词在英语词汇里往往取古英语词而代之。1066年诺曼征服后三百年内，英格兰的国王只讲法语。因此一大批法语词汇进入了古英语，古英语本身也失去了大部分曲折变化，形成中古英语。1500年左右的元音大推移将中古英语变形为近代英语。古英语最著名的文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，中古英语则是《坎特伯里故事集》。近代英语在莎士比亚所处的时期开始繁荣，一些学者将之分为早期近代英语与后期近代英语，分界线为1800年左右。随着不列颠对全世界大部分地区的占领和殖民，当地语言也很大程度上影响了英语的发展。TheDevelopmentofEnglishKindsTimeEventsOldEnglishBeforethemiddleofthe5thcenturyThenAttheendofthe9thcenturyBythe10thcenturyMiddleEnglishIn1066Bythelatterhalfofthe14thcenturyIn1399ModernEnglishDuringtheRenaissanceinthe16thcenturyPeopleinBritainallspokealanguagecalledCeltic.TheVikingsmovedtoBritainandbroughttheirlanguages.OldEnglishwastheofficiallanguageofEngland.TheNormansdefeatedEnglandandtookcontrolofthecountry.EnglishwasusedbyallclassesinEngland.HenryIVbecameKingofEnglandandusedEnglishforallofficialevents.ModernEnglishappeared.TwoGermanicgroupsoccupiedBritain.Timechart10thendof9ththenbefore5theventslanguageoccupiedbythetwoGermanicgroupstheVikingsbegantomovetobecameofficiallanguageSpokeCelticOldEnglisheventslanguageTimechart1399latterhalfof14th1066MiddleEnglish16thModernEnglish1399latterhalfof14th1066eventslanguageMiddleEnglishNormansdefeatedandtookcontrolHenryⅣbecameKingandusedhadcomeintowidespreaduseTimechartappearedduringtheRenaissancekeeponchanging16thModernEnglishMiddleEnglishNormansdefeatedandtookcontrolHenryⅣbecameKingandusedhadcomeintowidespreaduseFrenchdidn’treplaceoccupiedbythetwoGermanicgroupstheVikingsmovedtobecameofficiallanguagespokeCelticOldEnglishappearedduringtheRenaissancekeeponchanging1399latterhalfof14th1316106610th9ththen5th16thModernEnglishPeriodsFeaturesEvidencesOldEnglishMiddleEnglishModernEnglishHowdidthelanguagedevelop?amixtureinfluencedbyFrenchchanging???mixedwith…1.similarmeanings2.animalsandmeat3.plurals1.vocabulary2.pronunciation3.inventingPeriodFeatureEvidencesOldEnglishMiddleEnglishModernEnglishHowdidthelanguagedevelop?amixtureinfluencedbyFrenchchanging???mixedwith…1.similarmeanings2.animalsandmeat3.plurals1.vocabulary2.pronunciation3.inventingCelticLanguagesofAnglesandSaxonsOldEnglishLanguagesofVikingsFrench’sinfluenceonEnglish:1.Morewordswithsimilarmeanings3.Frenchwaysofmakingplurals2.WordsformeatandanimalsMiddleEnglishreplyanswerthesamemeaning(回答）OldFrenchOldEnglishMorewordswithsimilarmeanings.ExamplesWordsforanimalsWordsfortheirmeatox/cowpigpork/baconsheepmuttonbeefEnglishFrenchExamplesGermanicwayFrenchwayhouseshoemanchildMakingpluralshousenhousesshoenshoesmenchildren1.Whatisthearticleabout?Englishanditshistory.2.WhatarethethreekindsofEnglishdiscussedinthearticle?OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.3.InwhatwayisEnglishstillchanging?Englishisstillchanginginmanyways,suchasinvocabularyandpronunciation.Readandanswerthequestions.Readandanswerthequestions.1.WhydoestheEnglishlanguagehavesomanyrulesthatconfusepeople?BecauseitismadeupofthegrammarandvocabularythatpeoplefromdifferentcountriesandculturesbroughtwiththemtoBritain.2.WheredidtheEnglishcomefrom?ItcamefromthewordEngle,asitisspeltinoldEnglish.3.WhycanwordswithsimilarmeaningsbefoundintheEnglishlanguage?Thesewordswithsimilarmeaningsdevelopedbecauseeachwordcamefromadifferentlanguage.4.WhomadethegreatestcontributiontothedevelopmentfromOldEnglishtoMiddleEnglish?TheFrench-speakingNormans,whotookcontrolofEnglandin1066.5.WhyaremanyofthewordsforanimalsdifferentfromthoseformeatinEnglish?ThewordsforanimalscamefromoldEnglish,WhilethewordsforthemeatcamefromOldFrench.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingdatesfromthepassage.1.Beforethemiddleofthe__________,peopleinBritaindidnotspeakEnglish.2.ModernEnglishbegantodevelopinthe___________.3.AlmosteveryoneinEnglandbegantospeakMiddleEnglishinthe____________.5thcentury5thcentury9thcentury10thcentury106614thcentury16thcentury16thcentury14thcentury4.Attheendofthe__________,NorwegianwordsbegantobeusedintheEnglishlanguage.5.TheNormansoccupiedEnglandin___________6.Bythe_________,peopleinEnglandusedOldEnglishastheofficiallanguage.9thcentury106610thcenturyPleasegothroughtheReadingstrategyandtellmehowtoreadahistoryarticle.1.Noticethedatesandyears2.Makeatimechart,listingimportantinformationsuchastimes,placesandevents,etc.ReadingahistoryarticleThanksforyourattention!