英语词性及句子成分

取得英语语法成功的基石词类作用例词1.（n.）名词表示人或事物的名称。Iboughtabook.Sheisastudent.2.(pron.）代词代替名词、数词等。Thisismyfriend.Helikesthatbookbecauseitisveryusefultohim.PartsofSpeach3.（adj.）形容词表示人或事物的特征或性状。Heissmallbutheisclever.Theredpenisusefulfortheteacher.Hepaintedthewallwhiteyesterday.4.(num.）数词表示数目或顺序。TherearetenapplesonthetableandIwilltakethefirstone.5.（v.）动词表示动作或状态。WeareworkinghardatEnglish.Iwanttobecomeanengineer.6.（adv.）副词表示动作的特征或性状特征。IlikeEnglishverymuch.Theteachertreatsuskindly.Thetraingoesfast.Heseldomcomestoseeus.7.(prep.）介词表示名词、代词和其他词之间的关系。HeusuallystayathomeonSundays.8.（conj.）连词连接词与词或句与句的作用。HeandIareinthesameclassandwearegoodfriends.TwoorthreeofuscandancewellbutIcan’t.9.(interj.）感叹词表示强烈的感情Oh!Howbeautifulthesceneis!Whatagoodidea!Goodness!10.（art.）冠词用来限制名词的意义Ihaveapetdog.Thedogisverylovely.Heisanoldmanbutverystrong.一、主语主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于______。1.Lucylikeshernewbike.2.Weworkhard.3.Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.4.Playingfootballafterschoolisgreatfun.句首•1.WeloveChina.•2.Wehavefinishedreadingthisbook.•3.HecanspeakEnglish.•4.Sheseemstired.二、谓语谓语:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由______充当.动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词.动词△情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.TheycanspeakEnglishwell.Theyareplayingoverthere.1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词Heisateacher.2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stayHealwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。系动词3）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Helookstired.Heseems(tobe)verysad.4）感官系动词，主要有feel,smell,sound,tasteThisflowersmellsverysweet.5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,comeHebecamemadafterthat.6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnoutTherumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。三、宾语宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在_________或_______后面.1.WestudyEnglish.2.Ourteachersaidthathewouldgothere.3.Heislookingatthedog.△双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。Hegavemetwobooks.及物动词介词表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.Thetreesturngreen.Theflowerisbeautiful.四、表语定语：用来修饰_____.Thisisaredcar.Thebuildingistheirteachingbuilding.Thewomandoctorismywife.Ihavesomethingtotellyou.ThemaninfrontofthegateisMr.Li.EverystudenthasanEnglishbook.五、定语名词状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。六、状语Johnoftencametochatwithme．()Ashewasill,hedidn’tcometoclassyesterday.()Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.()Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.()Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.()Hecamerunning.()程度，目的地点，伴随地点，时间让步方式原因•补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。七、补语EveryonecallshimJack.（宾补）HeiscalledJack.（主补）•同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明–TheGreatWall,oneofthewondersintheworld,attractsalargenumberofforeignfriends.八、同位语时态主动语态一般将来时过去将来时一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成时willdowoulddodo/doesdidis/am/aredoingwas/weredoinghas/havedonehaddonehas/havebeendoinghadbeendoingwillhavedone时态被动语态一般将来时过去将来时一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成时willbedonewouldbedoneis/am/aredonewas/weredoneis/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdonehas/havebeendonehadbeendonewillhavebeendone一、主语主语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.Thesunrisesintheeast.（）2.Helikesdancing.（）3.Twowillbeenough.()4.Seeingisbelieving.（）6.Toseeistobelieve.（）7.Whentoholdthemeetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.()8.Whatheneedsisabook.（）9.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（）名词代词数词动名词不定式疑问词+不定式从句It作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。什么情况下用it作形式主语？你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？1)Itiswrongtotellalie.()2)Itisnousearguingaboutit.()3)Itisuncertainwhowillcome.()说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。二、宾语宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.Shelivedahappylife.()2.Iloveyou.()3.Weneedtwo.()4.Doyoumindmyopeningthedoor?()5.HebegantolearnEnglishayearago.()6.Hedidnotknowwhattosay.()7.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?()8.Shefeltitherdutytotakegoodcareofthem.()名词代词数词动名词不定式疑问词+不定式从句It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语二、表语表语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.Heisateacher.()2.Myideaisthis.()3.Shewasthefirsttoarrive.()4.Ifeelmuchbettertoday./Imustbeoffnow.()5.Heisoutofdanger.()6.Thenewswasexciting./Theywereexcitedatthenews.()7.WhatsurprisedmemostwasthathespokeChinesesowell.()名词代词数词从句形容词/副词介词短语分词三、定语定语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.It’saredcar.()2.Theyliveintheroomabove.()3.Mybrotherisateacher.()4.Webelongtothethirdworld.()5.Lucy’sfatherisapoorworker.()6.Mothermadeabirthdaycakeforme.()7.Themanunderthetreeismyteacher.()8.Theswimmingboyismybrother./Theboyswimmingintheriverismybrother.()形容词副词代词数词名词所有格名词介词短语现在分词三、定语定语可以用下面这些东西表示：9.Ilikedthefoodcookedbymymother./Retiredpeoplehaveagoodtimeathome.()10.Therearetwothingstobediscussedtoday.（）11.Willyoutellusaboutyourteachingplan?（）12.ThisistheverybookthatIneed.（）过去分词不定式动名词从句四、状语状语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.Heisoftenlateforclass.()2.Wesawthatpictureatthecinema.()3.Hesattheresmoking.()4.Theyreturnedtiredandhungry.（）5.Theydideverythingtheycouldtosavetheboy’slife.（）6.Althoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.()7.TheboxissoheavythatIcan’tliftit.()副词，程度介词短语，地点分词，伴随不定式，目的形容词，状态让步状语从句结果状语从句四、状语状语可以用下面这些东西表示：9.Whilemywifewasreadingthenewspaper,IwaswatchingTV.（）10.Hewasangrybecausewewerelate．(）11.Ifitrainstomorrow,wewon’tgoout.()时间状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句五、宾语补足语：1.IconsiderJimagoodfriend.()2.Ialwaysfindherhappy.()3.Peoplepraisedhimasahero.()4.IhadtheTVfixed.()5.Isa