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当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 企业财务 > 语言学十套题名词解释
Alinguafranca:Alinguafrancaisalanguageorwayofcommunicatingwhichisusedbetweenpeoplewhodonotspeakoneanother'snativelanguage.(讲不同母语的人之间的)通用语Argument论元:Inlogic,anargumentisastemwhichreferstosomeentityaboutwhichastatementisbeingmade.Appliedlinguistics应用语言学:Appliedlinguisticsistheresearchassociatedwithlanguageteachinginitsnarrowsense.Initsbroadsenseitreferstotheresearchregardingmeansofapplicationoflinguisticsinotherdisciplines.Boundroot:Boundrootarethosewhichcannotoccuralone.Theymustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme.Suchas-ceiveinreceive,perceive,andconceive.Bilingual双语现象:Bilingualmeansinvolvingorusingtwolanguages.Connotation内涵:Philosophersuseconnotation,oppositetodenotation,tomeanthepropertiesofentityaworddenotes.Creole混合语:CreoleisaPidginthathasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunityandisacquiredbythechildrenofthatcommunityastheirnativelanguage.CooperativePrinciple:CooperativePrinciple(CPforshort)wasproposedbyPaulGrice.Itsuggeststhatinmakingconversationtheparticipantsmustbewillingtoco-operate,otherwiseitwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryontheconversation.TospecifytheCPfurther,GriceintroducedfourMaxims:MaximofQuality,MaximofQuantity,Maximofrelevance,MaximofManner.ThesignificanceofGrice’sCPliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforspeakertoconveymorethanwhatisliterallysaid.Context语境:Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Converseantonymy反向反义:Converseantonymyisaspecialtypeofantonymyinthatthemembersofapairdonotconstitutepositive-negativeopposition.Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.Co-hyponym:severalmembersofthesamesuperordinate.Complementarydistribution互补分布:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Complementaryantonymy互补反义词:Meansthemembersofapairinthistypearecomplemtarytoeachother.Thatistheydivideupthewholeofasemanticfieldcompletely.Displacement:Displacementmeansthathumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.Dialect方言:aformofalanguagethatisspokeninaparticulararea.Diacritics变音符:amark,point,orsignaddedorattachedtoaletterorcharactertodistinguishitfromanotherofsimilarform,togiveitaparticularphoneticvalue,toindicatestress,etc.,asacedilla,tilde,circumflex,ormacron.Diachroniclinguistics:Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory;therefore,itisalsocalledhistoricallinguistics.Derivationalaffixes派生词缀:refertoaffixesthatareaddedtowordsinordertochangeitsgrammaticalcategoryoritsmeaning.Descriptivestudy描述性研究:isalinguisticapproachwhichstudieswhatlanguageoughttobeandittriestofindtherulesthatthemembersofalanguagecommunityactuallyconforminsteadofimpositiononotherrules,norms.Esperanto世界语:isthemostwidelyspokenconstructedinternationalauxiliarylanguage.Equivalence对等:referstotheextentwhichthesourcelanguageissimilartothetargetlanguageintermsofformandmeaningorstylisticfeatures.Entailment衍推:isalogicalrelationshipbetweentwosentencesinwhichthetruthofsecondnecessarilyfollowsfromthetruthofthefirst,whilethefalsityofthefirstfollowsfromthefalsityofthesecond.Inflectionalaffixes屈折前缀:suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.Grimm'slaw格林法则:(alsoknownastheFirstGermanicSoundShiftortheRask's-Grimm'srule),namedforJacobGrimm,isasetofstatementsdescribingtheinheritedProto-Indo-European(PIE)stopsastheydevelopedinProto-Germanic(PGmc,thecommonancestoroftheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanfamily)inthe1stmillenniumBC.ItestablishesasetofregularcorrespondencesbetweenearlyGermanicstopsandfricativesandthestopconsonantsofcertainothercentumIndo-Europeanlanguages(GrimmusedmostlyLatinandGreekforillustration).Asitispresentlyformulated.Grammaticalmarker语法标记:Grammaticalrelations语法关系:thestructuralandlogicalfunctionrelationofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelation.Thegrammaticalrelationofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencesrelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.Gradablelanguage:qualitativeadjectivesthatvarytheadjective'sgradeorintensity.Generallinguistics普通语言学:Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.Langue语言&parole言语:languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Locutionaryact,illocutionaryact,andperlocutionaryact:Locutionaryact发话行为:Whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproducesanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwaywithacertainmeaning.Theactperformedinthissenseiscalledlocutionaryact.Illocutionaryact行事行为:Illocutionaryactreferstotheactionofmakingclearthepurposeofspeakingbyproducingutterances.Thatis,tosaysth.istodosth.Forexample,whenwemakeutterance”Hello”,weperformtheactionofgreeting.perlocutionaryact取消行为:perlocutionaryactreferstotheactthatthespeakersperformthroughalocutionaryact,andbringsabouteffectsuponh
本文标题:语言学十套题名词解释
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