高三英语语法专题复习讲义

一、名词一.可数名词的复数构成规则:1.规则变化:加-s,-es;辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/fe变成ves;(1)keys,threeHenrys;stomachs;safes;beliefs;proofs;roofs;gulfs;chiefs;heroes;potatoes;tomatoes;Negroes;dingoes(2)缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如:someVIPs(VIP’s);inhis50s/50’s;inthe1990s/1990’s;Therearetwot’sintheword“letter”.2.不规则变化:(1)men,children,feet,teeth,geese,mice;oxen等;(2)单复数形式相同:sheep;deer;fish;means;works(工厂);Chinese;Japanese;Swiss;(teas,fruits,fishes,metals等表示种类);(3)只有复数形式:trousers,glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes;ashes;contents(目录);goods;customs(海关);arms(武器);(4)复合名词的复数形式:shoeshops;lookers-on;grown-ups;passers-by;daughters-in-law(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:(Chinese/Japanese)B:把man变成men:Englishmen;Frenchmen;C:其它加s(包括Germans,humans)一、不可数名词1.量的表示：用some/alittle/much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece,article,bottle,head,loaf,bar等：apieceofadvice/bread/news/information/equipment/chalk/cloth/clothing/music/work/furniture/paper/wood/baggage;aloafofbread;abarofchocolate;twoheadofcattle2.不可数名词具体化：Thesegamesaregreatsuccesses;Thepartywasagreatsuccess.二、名词的所有格：1.表示有生命的名词后加’s,如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s:JackandTom’sroom(两人共有的房间);Jack’sandTom’srooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：thewindowsoftheroom;(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加’s:China’sindustry;today’spaper;tenminutes’walk)2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：atmyaunt’s(house);atthedoctor’s(office);gotothechemist’s(shop);3.双重所有格：a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/afew/no/every/several/such/another/which等+名词+of+…..’s/名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；比较：afriendofhermother’s她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）afriendofhermother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）apictureofhisbrother’s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)apictureofhisbrother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）三、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoeshop(s);storybook(s);coffeecup(s);physicsteacher(s);个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：salesmanager;sportsmeet;由man/woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/womendoctors;(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：adustbag(abagfordust)装灰尘的袋子/adustybag布满灰尘的袋子achemicalchange化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/achemistryteacher(ateacherofchemistry)一个化学老师agoldwatch一只金表(表材质)/agoldenwatch一只金黄色的表五.英语中”很多”的表达:只修饰可数名词:quiteafew/agreatmany(of)/many/a(large/small)numberof只修饰不可数名词:agreatdealof/agreatamountof(greatamountsof)既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plentyof/alotof(lotsof)/a(large)quantityof/largequantitiesof【各个击破】1.Noregularadvertiserdareproduceanythingthatfailstosticktothe_____ofhisadvertisement.A.standardB.levelC.messageD.promise2.-----Whatdoyouthinkofhiscomposition?------Muchbetter,butthere’sstillsome______forimprovement.A.spaceB.roomC.areaD.place3.Sometimesdoctorsmakehigher______fortheirworkthantheyshould.A.billsB.chargesC.costsD.prices4.The______ofabigsnakemadeherfrightened,soshesattherestill.A.sightB.lookC.viewD.scene5.No______shefellill,consideringthatshehadbeenoverworkingforyears.A.problemB.wayC.wonderD.matter6.-----Howisitthatyoulostyourway?------WhenIcametothecrossroads,Iwentthewrong________.A.wayB.directionC.distanceD.path7.LittleTomaskedmeforsmall_________forhis_________,soIgavehim________.A.change;tenpennies;tenpenceB.changes;tenpennies;tenpenceC.change;tenpence;tenpenniesD.changes;tenpence;tenpennies8.Willyoupleasetellme_______youaretalkingabout?A.whichZhangYimou’sfilmB.whichfilmofZhangYimouC.whichfilmofZhangYimou’sD.zhangYimou’swhichfilm9.Thebabybrokea_______whichismadeof_____justnow.A.teacup;glassB.cupoftea;glassC.tea’scup;glassesD.teacup;glasses10.Look,Motherhasjustboughtthree_______and_______.A.fruit;lotsofvegetablesB.fruits;anumberofvegetablesC.fruit;agreatmanyofthevegetablesD.fruits;agreatamountofvegetables11.Ifyougetthejobyou’llhavetomakebusiness______everynowandthen.A.journeysB.tripsC.travelsD.voyages12.Ilistenedtohislectureaboutbiology,butImissedthekey______.A.messagesB.senseC.notesD.points13.Heisalwaysfullof______asthoughheneverknewtiredness.A.strengthB.forceC.powerD.energy14.Therehasbeenagreat_______inthenumberofcarsinourcityinthepastfiveyears.A.increaseB.improvementC.resultD.effect15.Idon’tthinkit’smy______thattheTVdoesn’twork.Ijustturneditoff.A.mistakeB.faultC.dutyD.error16.------What’sthe______ofthispairofshoes?------500yuan.------Oh,it’sreallytooexpensive.-------Butit’scomfortable,soIthinkit’sgood_______formoney.A.cost;valueB.price;valueC.price;costD.cost;price17.Howdidyoulikethe________oftheinterpreter(口译员)attheconferenceonTV?A.performanceB.achievementC.materialD.words18.Sheisnotingood_______forsuchheavywork.A.stateB.conditionC.positionD.situation19.It’sbad_______foramantosmokeinpublicplaceswheresmokingisnotallowed.A.mannersB.actionC.movementD.manner20.Johnsonisanhonestbusinessman.Ourcompanyandhishashadalotof_______inthepastfewyears.A.agreementsB.salesC.dealsD.bargains主谓一致【要点点拨】英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either,neither,each,one,theother,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everything,everybody,everyone,noone,nothing,nobody做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Neitherofthetwosentencesiscorrect.Everythingaroundusismatter.(注意：none,neither,all,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)Noneofthemowns/ownacar.Neitheroftheboysare/isinterestedingeography.Allarehere.Andallth