您好,欢迎访问三七文档
当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 咨询培训 > 研究生英语精读教程(第三版-上)第1单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案
UnitOneYouAreWhatYouThinkAndifyouchangeyourmind—frompessimismtooptimism—youcanchangeyourlife你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活ClaipeSafran卡勒普·撒弗兰[1]Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichésarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.[1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。[2]Afast-growingbodyofresearch—104studiessofar,involvingsome15000people—isprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston,itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.[2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目,涉及大约15000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反,悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败,它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说:“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考,那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”[3]Yourabilitiescount,explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.Inpart,that'sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.[3]“你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说,“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上,这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。[4]Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.[4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现,在工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中,乐观主义者则多销了20%。[5]Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.[5]公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。[6]Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimist'ssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhisexplanatorystyle.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.I'mnogoodatthis,hesays,Ialwaysfail.Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.[6]他们是如何做到的呢?据塞利格曼说,乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后,悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说:“我不善于做这种事,我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞,他责怪天气,抱怨电话线路,甚至怪罪别人。他认为,是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时,乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo,pessimistssaid,Ican'tdothis.Optimiststoldthemselves,Ineedtotryadifferentapproach.[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话,请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时,悲观者说:“我干不了这事。”乐观主义者则对自己说:“我需要试试另一种方法。”[8]Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,saysAnderson,theydon'tbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed.[8]无论是消极还是积极,都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说:“如果人们感到没有希望,他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。”[9]Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,isthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefate'splaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesn'tseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.[9]据安德森看来,有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利,他立刻做出反应,寻找解决办法,制定新的行动计划,并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布,行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法,他便不去寻求指点。[10]Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustify—andsometimesthat'swhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Levyfoundthediseaserecurredsooneramongthepessimists.[10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说,两次发病间隔的时间比较长,而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中,利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。[11]Optimismwon'tcuretheincurable,butitmaypreventillness.Inalongtermstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegative.Twentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddle-agediseases—hypertension,diabetes,heartailments—amongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.[11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈,却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中,研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的好学生,并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者,有的是消极思考者。20年后,悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。[12]Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimist'sfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebody'snaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Dr.ChristopherPetersonoftheUniversityofMichiganhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesn'ttakegoodcareofhimself.Feelingpassiveandunabletododgelife'sblows,heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes,nomatterwhathedoes.Hemunchesonjunkfood,avoidsexercise,ignoresthedoctor,hasanotherdr
本文标题:研究生英语精读教程(第三版-上)第1单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-5251590 .html