您好,欢迎访问三七文档
当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 企业文化 > rhythm-&-meter
RhythmandMeterChapterEight艺术乃通往自由之道,它是人类心智自由的过程,而这,正是一切教育之真正和最高目的。恩斯特卡西尔《符号,神话和文化》ProsodyThesystematicstudyofrhythmsandsoundsinpoetryiscalledprosodyorversification(诗体学,韵律学,作诗法),whichcoversthestudyoftheprinciplesandpracticeofrhythm,metreandstanzaforms,andthestudyofsoundpatterns,suchasrhyme,alliteration,assonance.“Poetrywithersanddriesoutwhenitleavesmusic…poetswhoarenotinterestedinmusicare,orbecome,badpoets.”EzraPound1115│3331│1355│432—│2344│3231│1325│721—│节奏是强——弱——弱(HAPPYNEWYEAR)RhythmThetermrhythmreferstoanywavelikerecurrenceofmotionorsound.Alllanguageistosomedegreerhythmical,foralllanguageinvolvesomekindofalternationbetweenaccentedandunaccentedsyllables.V/v/v/v/v/vIttakesallsortsofinandoutdoorschoolingV/v/v/v/v/vTogetadaptedtomykindoffooling.RobertFrost格律是英语诗歌中的节奏在格律中重音是依照固定的时间频率反复出现的,重音的一定节奏形式的反复出现构成了英语诗歌的韵律。重音多是单词的重音,或是修辞意义上需要专门强调的弱音。MetreTiger,tiger,burningbrightIntheforestofthenight,WhatimmortalhandoreyeCouldframethyfearfulsymmetry?/v/v/v//v/v/v//v/v/v/v/v/v/vvMetricallanguageiscalledverse.Nonmetricallanguageisprose.不是所有诗歌都有格律,不是所有有格律的语句都是诗歌。格律是英语诗歌中的节奏在格律中重音是依照固定的时间频率反复出现的,重音的一定节奏形式的反复出现构成了英语诗歌的韵律。重音多是单词的重音,或是修辞意义上需要专门强调的弱音。MetreFootThefootisthebasicunitofthecombinationofthestressedandunstressedsyllables.Itgenerallyconsistsoftwoorthreesyllables,oneofwhichisstressed(thestressedisindicatedby/,theunstressedisindicatedbyv).PoemStanzaLineFoot一首诗是由单个或几个诗节stanza组成的,每个诗节又包括若干诗行line,每行的最基本单位是音步。在英语诗歌中,各诗行中相对应的重音所伴随的弱音数目往往相等或大致相等。(罗良功,2002)Tiger,tiger,burningbrightIntheforestofthenight,WhatimmortalhandoreyeCouldframethyfearfulsymmetry?/v/v/v//v/v/v//v/v/v/v/v/v/vvMeterinPoetryIambic(v/);two-syllablefootTheiambisthecommonestkindofEnglishmetre.AsmuchasfivesixthsofthewholeofEnglishpoetryisintheiambicmeasure.(王宝童,2003)above,behold,begin,return,supply,v/v/v/vThechildisfatheroftheMan:v/v/v/vAndIcouldwishmydaystobev/v/v/vv/Boundeachtoeachbynaturalpietytrochaic(/v)astressedsyllableisfollowedbyalightsyllable(two-syllablefoot)/v/v/v/vTiger!Tiger!Burningbright/v/v/v/Intheforestofthenight.(WilliamBlake)anapest(vv/)v/vv/vv/vTherewasayoungladyofNiger,v/vv/vv/vWhosmiledassherodeonatiger.vv/vv/Theyreturnedfromtheride,vv/vv/Withtheladyinside,vv/vv/vv/vAndthesmileonthefaceofthetiger.dactyl(/vv)/vv/vv/vv/vvGreenasourhopeinit,whiteasourfaithinit(Swinburne)spondee(//)ThespondeeismainlyasubstituteforaniambortrocheeinEnglishpoetry.Thereisnopoemthatisentirelywritteninspondees.Theusualfunctionofspondeeisemphasis.pyrrhic(vv)PyrrhicconsistsoftwounstressedsyllablesLikethespondee,itisusuallythesubstituteforaniambortrochee.Itwouldbeararepoemthatfolloweditsmetreexactly,withoutvariation,andapoemlikethatwouldsoundmechanical.(LouisSimpson,1967)英语诗歌中的基本音步音步是衡量诗行长度的一个尺度,它的衡量标准或依据是诗行中的重音。英语诗歌中每一行按重音的个数把它的音步分为单音步、双音步、三音步、四音步、五音步、六音步、七音步等。FootMonometerDimeterTrimeterTetrameterPentameterHexameterHeptameterOctometernonometer单音步在英语诗歌中十分罕见,一般只在每一诗节的最后一行,以期制造特殊的声音效果。一个七音步的诗行包含14-20个音节,是人们一口气阅读的极限,需要换气。根据英语单词长度的特点,加上人们阅读的生理要求,诗人常用的是三、四、五、六音步,尤以五音步为主。Scansion(韵律分析)韵律分析是针对诗行的格律进行分析的系统方法。在英语诗歌中韵律分析建立在每个音节的重音基础之上。Scansion分析韵律时,读者慢慢地大声朗读,找出重读的音节和弱读的音节,标出它们,并找出它们交替出现的节奏规律,即诗歌的格律形式、音步数目及格律变异。Scansion韵律分析的目的在于帮助掌握诗歌朗诵的技巧,同时更好地欣赏诗歌的节奏美。标注韵律分析的符号多种多样,可将重音用标注为“/”,弱音标注为“X”或“V”,音步用“l”分开。Shewalksinbeauty,likethenightOfcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;—Byron(四音步抑扬格)v/v/v/v/lllv/v/v/v/llllWhohasseenthewind?NeitherInoryou;(二音步扬抑格)/v/v/ll/v/v/llStanza许多人根据诗歌的行数将诗歌的韵式(rhymescheme)分为双行体,三行节,四行体,十四行诗,八行体,斯宾塞九行体等。Couplet双行体韵是指每两行一韵,其韵式为aabbccdd等,又被称为runningrhyme.双行体诗歌会有多种格律形式,但五步抑扬格居多。这种五步抑扬格的双行体诗歌即英雄双韵体(HeroicCouplet)Tercet在一个诗节中有三行,这种诗节叫三行节。三行节诗歌在英语诗歌中为数不多,韵式多为aaa,bbb.但也有aba,bcb,cdc,ded等。如”TheEagle”(AlfredTennyson)P.37Quatrain四行体在英语诗歌中最为常见,其韵式变化也最为复杂。以交叉韵(abab)和首尾韵(abba)最为典型。如p.51“SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays”五行体quintain六行体sestet七行体septet八行体octaveSonnet十四行诗顾名思义是一种共有十四个诗行的诗歌形式。它的格律形式较为固定,为五步抑扬格。但其音韵形式则不一而同,主要有三种:彼特拉克十四行诗(ThePetrarchanSonnet),莎士比亚十四行诗(TheShakespeareanSonnet)和斯宾塞体十四行诗(TheSpenserianSonnet)Clicktoeditcompanyslogan.
本文标题:rhythm-&-meter
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-5260554 .html