现代英语词汇学概论10 English Idioms

9EnglishIdioms第九部分DefinitionCharacteristicsofidiomsClassificationofidiomsUseofidiomssemanticunitystructuralstabilityStylisticfeaturesRhetoricalfeaturesVariationscolloquialismsslangliteraryexpressionphoneticmanipulationlexicalmanipulationfiguresofspeechreplacementadditionordeletionposition-shiftingshorteningdismemberingnounidiomsAdjectivesidiomsverbidiomsadverbidiomsSentenceidiomsBACKWhatareidioms?Pickouttheidioms:Samisarealcoolcat.Heneverblowshisstackandhardlyeverfliesoffthehandle.What'smore,heknowshowtogetawaywiththings...Well,ofcourse,heisgettingon,too.Hishairispepperandsalt,butheknowshowtomakeupforlosttimebytakingiteasy.Hegetsupearly,worksout,andturnsinearly.Hetakescareofthehotdogstandlikeabreezeuntilhegetstimeoff.Sam'sgotitmade;thisisitforhim.Whatareidioms?Samisarealcoolcat.Heneverblowshisstackandhardlyeverfliesoffthehandle.What'smore,heknowshowtogetawaywiththings...Well,ofcourse,heisgettingon,too.Hishairispepperandsalt,butheknowshowtomakeupforlosttimebytakingiteasy.Hegetsupearly,worksout,andturnsinearly.Hetakescareofthehotdogstandlikeabreezeuntilhegetstimeoff.Sam'sgotitmade;thisisitforhim.Whatareidioms?Samisarealcoolcat.Heneverblowshisstackandhardlyeverfliesoffthehandle.What'smore,heknowshowtogetawaywiththings...Well,ofcourse,heisgettingon,too.Hishairispepperandsalt,butheknowshowtomakeupforlosttimebytakingiteasy.Hegetsupearly,worksout,andturnsinearly.Hetakescareofthehotdogstandlikeabreezeuntilhegetstimeoff.Sam'sgotitmade;thisisitforhim.Whatareidioms?acoolcat=areallycalmpersonblowone'sstack=losecontroloveroneselfflyoffthehandle=becomeexcessivelyangrywhat'smore=furthermoregetawaywith=commitanillegitimateactwithoutpenaltyofcourse=naturallyWhatareidioms?geton=getoldpepperandsalt=grey(hair)makeupfor=compensateforlosttime=timewastedtakeiteasy=relax,notworrygetup=risefrombedturnin=gointobedWhatareidioms?takecareof=manageorlookafterlikeabreeze=withouteffortoreasilytimeoff=timeforrestgetitmade=besuccessfulthisisit=beinapositionorplace,orhavepossessionofanobjectbeyondwhichmoreofthesameisunnecessaryWhatareidioms?Samisreallyacalmperson.Heneverlosescontrolofhimselfandhardlyeverbecomestooangry.Furthermore,heknowshowtomanagehisbusinessfinanciallybyusingafewtricks…Needlesstosay,he,too,isgettingolder.Hishairisbeginningtoturngrey,butheknowshowtocompensateforwastedtimebyrelaxing.Herisesearly,exercises,andgoestobedearly.Hemanageshisfrankfurterdispensarywithoutvisibleeffort,untilitissomeoneelse'sturntoworkthere.Samissuccessful,hehasreachedhislife'sgoal.Whatareidioms?Definition:Idiomsaresetphrasesorshortsentences,whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestion,andwhosemeaningsareoftendifficultorimpossibletodeducefromtheliteralmeaningsoftheconstituents构件.9.1CharacteristicsofIdioms9.1.1SemanticUnityExample:kickthebucket(V+N)=die(functioningasaverb)tillthecowscomehome(Pron+N+V+Adv)=forever(functioningasanadv)Eachidiomisasemanticunity语义的整体性.Themeaningsoftheconstituentsdonotcontributetothemeaningofthewhole.9.1.1SemanticUnityThesemanticunityisalsoreflectedintheillogiccombinationoftheconstituents.wearone’sheartuponone’ssleeve=showone’sfeelingsopenlyraincatsanddogs=rainheavilywearthetrousers=(ofthewife)haveoverallcontrol9.1.2StructuralStabilityIdiomsarestructurallystable.Theirstructuresarefixedtoalargeextent.1.Theconstituentscannotbechanged.kickthebucket*strikethebucket*kickthepail*kickabucket9.1.2StructuralStability2.Theword-ordercannotbechanged.bytwosandthrees三三两两*bythreesandtwosthelion’sshare最大的份额*theshareofthelion9.1.2StructuralStability3.Theconstituentscannotbedeletedoraddedto.Diamondcutdiamond.*Adiamondcutsdiamond.outofthequestion=impossible*outofquestion=impossibleoutofquestion=undoubtedly9.1.2StructuralStability4.Manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalyzable.Diamondcutdiamond.*Diamondcutsdiamond.Likecureslike.*Likecurelike.assureaseggsiseggs*assureaseggsareeggs9.1.3IdiomaticitySemanticunityandstructuralstabilityarecloselyrelatedtoidiomaticity习用度.Thehighertheidiomaticity,thehigherthestabilityandsemanticunity.（习语的）习用度越高,其结构的稳定性和意义的整体性就越高。9.1.3IdiomaticityThreelevelsofidiomaticity:1.Totallyidiomatic:thesaltoftheearth非常正派、诚实的人writingonthewall凶兆Themeaningcannotbededuced.9.1.3Idiomaticity2.Semi-idiomatic:turnoveranewleaf改过自新onceinabluemoon千载难逢drawthecurtain隐蔽/藏Themeaningcanbededucedtoacertainextent.9.1.3Idiomaticity3.Somewhatidiomatic:drinklikeafish牛饮keepsilence沉默ascoldasice冰冷Themeaningistransparent.9.2ClassificationofIdiomsCriteriaforclassification:1.Idiomaticity2.Structure3.Origins4.Grammaticalfunctions9.2ClassificationofIdioms1.NounidiomsIdiomsfunctionasnouns.abaker’sdozen十三个Jackofalltrades万事通;万京油9.2ClassificationofIdioms2.AdjectiveidiomsIdiomsfunctionasadjectives.highandmighty盛气凌人;趾高气扬wideofthemark毫不沾边9.2ClassificationofIdioms3.VerbidiomsIdiomsfunctionasverbs.(1)Verbphrase动词短语makefriendsfallflat大失所望;残败bitethehandthatfeedsone以怨报德getout9.2ClassificationofIdioms(2)Phrasalverbs短语动词homeinonturnoutputdowntoEachconsists:averb+oneortwoparticles9.