现代英语词汇学概论3 word-formation

Chapter3(构词法)3.1GeneralRemark概述3.2Compounding复合构词法3.3Derivation派生构词法3.3.1Prefixation加前缀3.3.2Suffixation加后缀3.4Conversion词类转换法Thedifferencesbetween“root”,“stem”and“base”?Root/词根:isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphologyStem/词干:thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.undesirables=un+desire+able+sBase:desirable→desire(base)undesirable→desirable(base)undesirables→undesirable(base)Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.2)denationalizeddenationalized=de+nation+al+ize+dRoot:nationStem:denationalizeBase:national→nationnationalize→nationaldenationalize→nationalizedenationalized→denationalizedesirable:desire(rootorbase,notstem)undesirable:desirable(base,notroot,notstem)undesirables:undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)desired:desire(root,stemorbase)3.2Compounding复合构词法Questions:1.Whatiscompounding?2.Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?3.Theclassificationofcompounding?Whatiscompounding?Compounding/composition:aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.e.g.flowerpot=flower+potmachine-independent=machine+independentbackTherelativecriteriaofacompound1.Orthographiccriterion:Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.E.g.flowerpotSolid:flowerpotHyphenated:flower-potOpen:flowerpot2.Phonologicalcriterion:Compoundaccent:amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.E.g.blacklistblackboardbluebottle3.Semanticcriterion:Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.E.g.E.g.flowerpotworkdaybackyardNote:wecaninferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsredtape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序)dogdays（thehottestdayoftheyear）flatfoot(apoliceman)blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)Note:wecannotinferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsbackTheclassificationofcompounding?Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.a.Partsofspeech1.n.compounds2.adj.compounds3.v.compoundsb.Syntacticrelationsubjectandverb主谓关系verbandadverbial动宾关系verbandadverbial谓状关系restrictiverelation限制关系coordinatingrelationship并列关系……thunder-struck(houses)housesarestruckbythunder/thunderstruckthehouseswell-behaved(person)Thepersonbehavehimselfwell.peacelovingpeoplepeoplelovepeaceanocean-going(ship)Ashipgoacrossocean.Apartfromcaringforherchildren,shehastotakeonsuchheavy_____houseworkascarryingwaterandfirewood.A.time-consumedB.timely-consumedC.time-consumingD.timely-consuming答案：C风蚀岩石weather-beatenrocks日晒的健康肤色suntanned(skin)吹毛求疵的人afault-findingperson破纪录的速度arecord-breakingspeed免税的tax-free无忧无虑的care-free防火的fire-proof隔音的sound-proof滴水不漏的water-tight密封的，不漏气的air-tight没膝深的knee-deep齐肩高的shoulder-high终身的lifelong晶莹剔透的Crycle-clear苦乐参半的bittersweet谈论的话题talked-abouttopic杜撰的故事made-upstory24小时看守round-the-clockwatch作现场勘查makeanonthesopinspection3.3Derivation派生构词法Questions:1.Whatisderivation?2.Whatiscombiningform?Andwhatdifferencebetweenacombiningformandanaffix?3.Theclassificationofderivation.backDerivation/affixation:aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.e.g.recover=re+coverworker=work+erbackAcombiningform[构词成分]:aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.e.g.autobiographyhydromechanicstelevisionautobiographyauto-=autos(Gk)=selfself+life+writeautoalarmautocracy(auto+alarm)(auto+cracy)(self+to+weapon)(self+ruling)hydromechanicshydro-=hydòr(Gk)=waterhydro-airplanehydrographydehydratehydrogentelevisiontele-=tele(Gk)=farofftelecontroltelephoneCombiningformsaredistinguishedfromaffixesbytheirabilitytooccurasoneconstituentofawordwhoseonlyotherconstituentisanaffix.e.g.autocracyhydrographytelephoneautocracy=auto[构词成分]+cracy(suffix)hydrography=hydro[构词成分]+graphy(suffix)telephone=tele[构词成分]+phone(suffix)Fromthepointofviewofderivation,nodistinctionshouldbemadebetweencombiningformsandaffixesinthisbook,inwhichallthecombiningformsarelabeledeitherasprefixesorsuffixes.back3.3.1PrefixationQuestion:1.Whatisprefixation?2.Theclassificationofprefixes3.SomeproductiveprefixesPrefixation:addingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.donotgenerallyaltertheword-classofthebaseClassificationofprefixes:1.negativeprefixes（反意前缀）:un-,non-,in-(im-,il-,ir-),dis-,a-2.reversative/privativeprefixes（相反动作前缀）:un-,de-,dis-,3.pejorativeprefixes（贬义前缀）:mis-,mal-,pseudo-4.prefixesofdegreeorsize（等级与大小前缀）:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,altra-,mini-5.prefixesofattitude（态度取向前缀）:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-6.locativeprefixes（方位前缀）:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-7.prefixesoftimeandorder（时间顺序前缀）:for-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-8.numberprefixes（常用数字前缀）:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri,multi-/poly-9.miscell