Unit-5--Wastewater-Collection

Unit5WastewaterCollectionandSewerageSystemDesignImportantWordsandExpressions•prerequisite[pri:rekwəzit]n.先决条件,前提adj.作为前提的,必备的•infiltration[infil'treiʃn]n.渗透;浸润物;渗透物;渗透活动•institutional[institju:ʃənl]adj.公共团体的,机构的,学会的•GLUMRB全称为GREATLAKES-UPPERMISSISSIPPIRIVERBOARD密西西比河上游保护委员会•manufacturing[mænjufæktʃəriŋ]n.制造;产品;制造业v.制造,加工;粗制滥造;捏造;制造•percapita每人•demographic[demə'ɡræfik]adj.人口统计学的•wastewatertreatmentplant(WWTP)污水处理厂•depletion[di'pli:ʃn]n.消耗;用尽•advocacy[ædvəkəsi]n.拥护;提倡;鼓吹•interdependency[in'tədipendənsi]n.互相依赖•aesthetics[i:s'θetiks]n.美学,审美学•impervious[impə:viəs]adj.不能渗透的,不为所动的•exfiltration[eksfil'treiʃən]n.漏出,渗漏,俚逃出敌军阵地•watertight[wɔ:tətait]adj.不漏水的,无懈可击的•nitrification[naitrəfi'keiʃən]n.氮化合,氮饱和,硝化作用•denitrification[di:naitrifi'keiʃn]n.脱氮作用,反硝化作用•adverse[ædvə:s]adj.不利的,逆向的,有害的•faecal['fi:kl]adj.排泄物的,渣滓的=fecal•conjunction[kəndʒʌŋkʃn]n.结合,关联,连词,(事件等的)同时发生Text•Wastewatermaybeclassifiedintothefollowingcomponents:••Domesticorsanitarywastewater.Wastewaterdischargedfromresidences,commercial(e.g.,banks,restaurants,retailstores),andinstitutionalfacilities(e.g.,schoolsandhospitals).••Industrialwastewater.Wastewaterdischargedfromindustries(e.g.,manufacturingandchemicalprocesses).废水可以被分成以下几部分：•家庭或卫生废水：废水由住宅，商业的（如：银行，饭店，零售商店）以及公共的设施（如：学校和医院）排除。•工业废水：工业排出废水（如：制造业和化学工艺）••Infiltrationandinflow.Waterthatentersthesewersystemfromgroundwaterinfiltration，stormwaterthatentersfromroofdrains,foundationdrains,andsubmergedmanholes.••Stormwater.Runofffromrainfallandsnowmelt.•渗滤和内流：水从地下渗透进入污水管道系统，雨水从屋顶排水系统进入下水道、地基排水，淹没人孔。•雨水：降雨和融雪形成的径流。•Waterconsumptionandwastewaterproductionchangewiththeseasons,thedaysoftheweek,andthehoursoftheday.Fluctuationsaregreaterinsmallcommunitiesthaninlargecommunities,andduringshortratherthanlongperiodsoftime.[1]•耗水量和废水的产生随时间变化（季节，一周的每一天，一天的每个小时）。在小的社区中，（水的耗用和污水产生量的）波动变化要大于大的社区，且短时间内大于长时间。•Industrialwastewaterscanposeserioushazardstomunicipalsystemsbecausethecollectionandtreatmentsystemshavenotbeendesignedtocarryortreatthem.Thewastescandamagesewersandinterferewiththeoperationoftreatmentplants.Theymaypassthroughthewastewatertreatmentplant(WWTP)untreatedortheymayconcentrateinthesludge,renderingitahazardouswaste.[2]•工业废水对市政系统能造成严重危害，因为收集和处理系统没有被设计用来运送或处理它们。废物能够损坏污水管道和干扰污水处理厂的运行。•它们（工业污水）可能会通过污水处理厂但未被处理直接被排放，或者在污泥里浓缩，成为危险废物•Thedepletionanddegradationofurbanwaterresourcesrecentlyhasledtotheadvocacyofasustainableurbanwatersystem,characterizedbylowerwaterconsumption,preservationofnaturaldrainage,reducedgenerationofwastewaterthroughwaterconservationandreuse,advancedwaterpollutioncontrol,andpreservationand/orenhancementofthereceivingwaterecosystem.•最近城市水资源的枯竭和退化导致了城市可持续水系统的倡导，城市可持续水系统具有以降低用水量，保持自然排水，通过水资源保护和再利用减少废水的产生，先进的水污染控制、保护和/或增强接纳水生态系统等的特点。•BasicelementsoftheurbanwatersystemareshowninFigures5.1.aand5.l.bThreemajorwaterpollutioncontrolcomponentsareidentified;urbandrainage(conveyingbothsurfacerunoffandmunicipalwastewaters),sewagetreatmentplants,andthereceivingwaters.•Theinterdependencyandconnectivityamongthesecomponentsareshownbyarrowsindicatinghydraulictransportbyeithergravityorpumping.•城市水系统的基本要素如在图5.1.a和5.l.b所示。三种主要水污染控制成分被确定；城市排水系统（输送地表径流和市政废水），污水处理厂以及接纳水体。•这些组件之间的相互依存和连接如箭头所示，指示要么由重力要么由泵进行水利运输。•Forsimplicity,onlythemajorpathwaysofflowandpollutantsareshown.Othertransportmodes,suchasthemechanicalremovalofsolidsorsludgefromvariouselementsofthesystem,havebeenomitted.•Urbandrainageisprovidedforpreventionofflooding,reducedinconvenienceduetosurfacewaterponding,alleviationofhealthhazards,andimprovedaesthetics[3]•为了简单起见，只显示水流和污染物的主要途径。其他运输方式，如机械去除系统中固体或污泥的各种元素，已经省略了。•城市的排水系统用来防止内涝，减少由于地面汇集成水塘带来的不便，减少了对人类健康的危害，改善了观感。•Figure5.1SeparateandCombinedSewerSystems•Duringthepastcentury,twotypesofurbandrainagesystemshaveevolved-combined(Figure5.l.a)andseparate(Figure5.1.b).Thecombinedsystemconveysbothsurfacerunoffandmunicipalwastewatersinasinglepipe.•在过去的一个世纪，两种类型的城市排水系统已经发展到合流式（图5.1.a）和分流式（图5.1.b）。合流式系统在一个单一的管道中既输送地表径流也输送城市污水。•Indryweather,theflowistransportedtothesewagetreatmentplantandtreated.Inwetweather,astherunoffinflowintothecombinedsewersincreases,thecapacityofthecollectionsystemandofthetreatmentplantisexceededandtheexcessflowsareallowedtoescapefromthecollectionsystemintothereceivingwatersintheformoftheso-calledcombinedseweroverflows(CSOs).•在干燥的天气，水流被输送到污水处理厂进行处理。在潮湿的天气，流入合流式下水道的径流增加，系统的采集和处理的容量超载，过量的水流可以溢出收集系统进入接纳水体，以所谓的合流式溢流污水的形式。•Intheseparatesewersystem,surfacerunoffistransportedbystormsewersanddischargedintothereceivingwaters,andmunicipalwastewatersaretransportedbysanitarysewerstothesewagetreatmentplantandtreatedpriortodischargeintothereceivingwaters.Bothdrainagesystemsexistinmanyvariations.•Interactionsamongcatchments,drainage,sewers,sewagetreatmentplants,andthereceivingwatersareshowninFigures5.l.aand5.l.b.•在分流式污水管道系统，地表径流是通过雨水管道运输，排入接纳水体，在排入接纳水体之前市政污水由卫生管道输送到污水处理厂处理。两个排水系统存在于许多变化中。•相互作用的集水，排水，下水道，污水处理厂以及接纳水体如图5.l.a和5.l.b所示。•Theinteractionsbetweenstormsewerdischargeandthereceivingwatersareparticularlystrongandrelatedtotheimpactofurbanizationonthehydrologiccycle.•Duringurbandevelopment,urbansurfacesarecoveredbyimperv