风险评估与人类工程(1)

RiskAssessmentCodesandErgonomicsCOLMaryLopez12August2003RiskEvaluation•Basisfordecisions•Perceptionofrisk•Acceptabilityofrisk–Voluntaryvsinvoluntary–Naturalvsman-made–Relatestoself-worthvsdoesnotrelate–Essentialvsnon-essential–Delayedeffectvsimmediate–Commonvsuncommon–MundanevsdramaticRiskEvaluation•EstimationofMagnitudeofRisk–Underestimatefamiliarsystems–Overestimateunknown•LossDimension–Death–Propertydamage–Injury•SpectrumRiskAssessmentandManagement•Identifyandevaluatethehazards–Likelihoodandconsequences•Assessrisk–Evaluateexpectedlossorriskofeachhazard–Sumoversystemoperationsandlife–Highfrequency/lowconsequenceandLow/High•Developcountermeasures•Allocateresources•AcceptresidualriskSafetyValueAnalysis–LimitedResourcesTheLongErgoRACHistory•DODEWGEfforts–Identifiedneed(Surveys,Acquisition)–DODI6055.1–MedicalRACsvsSafetyRACs•ErgonomicHazards–RiskFactors(Posture,Force,Repetition,Vibration,Temperature)–BodyPartsAffectedRiskAssessmentCodes•Thresholdquestions–Criteria•Subjective(painandsuffering)•Measurablephysiologicdamage•MILSTD1472F•Keyfactors––Magnitudeofexposure–Durationofexposure–FrequencyofexposureRatingCategorySeverity/HealthEffect5VeryHighPermanenttotaldisability-Extremefrequentloads(87lbs),forces,postures4HighPermanentpartialdisability/Temporarytotaldisability(3mos)-Heavyloads(56lbs),twisting,highlyrepetitiveandforceful,vibration(6hours)3ModerateLostworkdayinjury/compensableinjury-Moderateloads(37lbs),repetitiveandforceful,vibration(4hours)HazardSeverityRatingCategorySeverity/HealthEffect2LowFirstAid/MinorSupportiveMedicalTreatment-Moderateloads,repetition,moderatepostures,vibration(2hours),coldtemperatures1NegligibleTemporarydiscomfort-Lightloads(37lbs),occasionalposturesHazardSeverityRatingCategoryProbability5VeryHighLikelytooccurimmediately4HighInjurylikelyovertime3ModerateInjurypossiblywilloccurovertime2LowInjuryunlikelytooccur1NegligibleInjurynotpossible(currentsciencecannotdetermineifinjurywilloccur)ProbabilityDODI6055.1•RACCalculation•Prioritization–RAC–Numberaffected–CostofcontrolQuestions??