长难句分析

1语篇学语法——从句IarrivedinLondononafoggyday,togotoaveryimportantmeeting.Theplace①wherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheldwasontheothersideofthetown.Alltrafficcametoastop②becausethedriverswerenotabletoseemorethanayardinfrontofthem.Themeetingwouldbeginat9:00,soIdecidedtogothereonfoot.Minuteslater,Iwascompletelylost.Istoodthereandthought③thatIwouldhavetophonetothemeetingtoexplain④thatIwasnotabletoarrivethereontime.ThenIheardayoungman’svoicecomingoutofthefog,“Isuppose⑤youarelost.CanIhelpyou?”Iwasverygladtohaveaman⑥whocouldtakemetothemeeting.AfterwardItoldhim⑦whereIwantedtogo,tookhisarm,andwestarted.Wewalkedquitefast,turningcornersandcrossingroads.⑧AsIfollowedhimthroughthedarkstreets,Iwondered⑨whyhefoundhiswaysoeasily.“IknowthispartofLondonquitewell,”hesaid.“Butinsuchafogit’simpossibletoseeanything,”Isaid.“Iamblind,sir.”heanswered,“Inthefog,itisexactlythesameformeasusual.”在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。1.简单句：最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。2.并列句：由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的，通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上的句子，3.复合句：由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句（从句有相应的连词引导）组成的句子。根据从句在句子中充当的成分，可以将其分为6类，即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。名词性从句1.主语从句：e.g:(1)Whatyouneedismorepractice.(2)Whenthemeetingwillbeheldhasnotbeenannounced.(3)Thathewillnotattendthemeetingisclear.(4)Whetheritwilldousharmorgoodisunknown.2.表语从句：e.g:(1)ThatiswhatIwanttosay.(2)Myopinionisthatweshouldmakeadecisionrightnow.2(3)Theproblemiswhoshouldberesponsibleforthiscaraccident.(4)WhatIwanttoknowiswhoisinchargeofthework.(5)Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.3.宾语从句：(1)Istoodthereandthought③thatIwouldhavetophonetothemeetingtoexplain④thatIwasnotabletoarrivethereontime.(2)Isuppose⑤youarelost.(3)AfterwardItoldhim⑦whereIwantedtogo,tookhisarm,andwestarted.(4)Iwondered⑨whyhefoundhiswaysoeasily.Eg：Yourcompositionisquitegoodexceptthattherearesomespellingmistakes.Whatweshouldtakewithusdependsonwherewe’llstay.形容词性从句5.定语从句：限制性定语从句：与先行词的关系密切，如果将定语从句删掉，那么剩下的主句部分就会含混不清，另外，限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。如上文中：Theplace①wherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheldwasontheothersideofthetown.Iwasverygladtohaveaman⑥whocouldtakemetothemeeting.非限制性定语从句：对先行词做进一步的解释或说明，如果删除掉，不影响整个句子的基本意思，通常用逗号与主句部分分开。例如：(1)Astudent,whosenameIdon’tknow,comestoseeyou.(2)TheywillflytoLondon,wheretheyplantostayforaweek.(3)Tomdidn’tpassthemathsexam,whichmadehisparentsangry.(4)OneofthemostscenicareasistheLoireValley,whereyoucanvisittheoldcastlesinwhichthekingsandqueensofFranceusedtolive.副词性从句6.状语从句：可以表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较、条件等。时间状语从句：常用于引导时间状语从句的连词有：例如上文中的第⑧句：⑧AsIfollowedhimthroughthedarkstreets,Iwonderedwhyhefound3hiswaysoeasily.Eg:I’lltellhimthenewstheminutehegetshere.IwaswatchingTVwhenmymothercamein.Donotstopeverytimeyoucometoawordorphraseyoudon’tknow.I’llspeaktohimassoonashecomesback.Theyoungmanphonedhismotherimmediatelyhereachedtheuniversity.Hehadscarcelyenteredtheroomwhenitbegantorain.地点状语从句：Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.原因状语从句：例如上文中的第②句话：Alltrafficcametoastop②becausethedriverswerenotabletoseemorethanayardinfrontofthem.目的状语从句：Eg:Hestudiesveryhardsothathemaypassthefinalexam.Hestudiessohardthathemaypassthefinalexam.结果状语从句：HespokeveryclearlysothatIunderstoodhimquitewell.让步状语从句：Althoughitiswinter,itisnotverycold.Evenifitisraining,we’llgo.Theywantahouse,whereaswewouldratherliveinaflat.方式状语从句：Ihavechangedtheplanasyousuggest.Outteacherlovesusasif/asthoughwewereherchildren.比较状语从句：ThisquestionismoredifficultthanIthought.条件状语从句：Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillnotgotothepark.Unlesshestudieshard,hewillneverpasstheexamination.1.Earthquakesrelatedtovolcanicactivitymayproducehazardswhichincludegroundcracks,grounddeformationanddamagetomanmadestructuresaccordingtothehistoricalrecordsavailable.4volcanic:hazard[ˈhæzəd]vt.冒险;使遭受危险n.危险;冒险的事;机会deformation:[ˌdi:fɔ:ˈmeɪʃən]n.变形;词的变形;形态损伤,形状损毁2.TwopeopleconfirmedonSaturdaytobeinfectedwithbirdfluwerereportedtobeincriticalconditionyesterdayafterbeingtestedpositiveforthedeadlyH5N1virus.confirm:infect:birdflu:critical:virus:3.GaryLocke,electedasthefirstChineseAmericangovernorinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesin1996andre-electedtohissecondtermbyanoverwhelmingmajority,almost100yearsafterhisgrandfatherlefthisvillageinSouthChina`sGuangdongProvincetosetoutforthelandofhisdreams,remainsactiveinpublicaffairsandparticipatesinnumerousSino-Americanexchanges.5elect:[iˈlekt]v.选择,挑选;选举re-elected:再次当选governor:[ˈɡʌvənə]n.主管人员;统治者,管理者;美州长overwhelmingmajority:压倒多数选票;压倒性优势publicaffairs:公共事务participate:[pɑ:ˈtisipeit]vi.参加某事;分享某事4.ThecolleaguesfeltshockedandupsetwhentoldthenewsthatMr.RizzohadresignedfromhispostasdirectoranddeanoftheuniversityofMelbourne`sbusinessschoolbecauseofseriousillhealthsaidtheyweregratefulfortheenormouscontributionMr.Rizzohadmade.colleague:[ˈkɔli:ɡ]n.同事;同僚;同行resign:[riˈzain]v.辞职,放弃n.辞去职务Melbourne`sbusinessschool:墨尔本商学院enormous:[iˈnɔ:məs]adj.巨大的;庞大的;极恶的;凶暴的5.EvidenceprovidedbytheschoolhasprovedthatJohnwasagoodstudentwhosegradesandattendancefellashebecameaddictedtoplayingvideogames.evidence:n.attendance:66.Thechildrenborninthevillageandfelthopelessforlackofaccesstoeducationdeserveoursympathy.access:[ˈækses]n.入口,出口;接近,进入;增长;爆发sympathyn.意气相投,同感;同情,同情心;慰问;和谐的一致