胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版)学习指导

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）学习指导创思英语下载自百度文库-1–前言其实我的这一个语言学学习指导系列本来没有想做得这么大的，最初只是我买了一本语言学教程的辅导资料，发现里面有的名词解释总结得很不错，所以就想整理一下各章的名词解释。后来觉得既然是整理，光整理名词解释，还不如对知识点做一个较全面的学习指导材料。结果就此一发而不可收，终于形成了现在的这一整套资料。不明白是什么的朋友们可以参考考研论坛（bbs.kaoyan.com）外语版的相关帖子。本资料主要分为三部分，第一部分为各章节提纲笔记，第二部分为重点章节测试题，第三部分为测试题参考答案。整理这一套资料真得很劳心费力，希望能够对大家有所帮助。在考研论坛上，我所有的相关资料都设置了阅读权限和K币，一个是为了防止盗用，但更重要的不是为了限制什么，只是希望大家在能够很容易得到资料的同时，也能够想到要付出一些，将来考上研了以后能够回到这里，与后来的研友们分享一些所能够得到的信息，资源共享，信息交流，这才是考研论坛的本意。也希望大家在以后复习语言学的时候，能够想到冰暖茶在这门课程上作的小小的努力，如果大家都能成功，我的努力就是值得的。需要说明的是，我在整理资料的过程中，得到了ksguobw,lxm1000w,micronannan,天使精灵（排名不分先后）等朋友的资源共享和大力协助，在此对他们以及一贯支持冰暖茶的朋友们表示感谢！由于水平有限，加之时间仓促，疏漏之处在所难免，欢迎各位读者批评指正。冰暖茶2006年11月创思英语下载自百度文库-2–目录前言…………………………………………………………………………………………1目录…………………………………………………………………………………………3第一部分各章节提纲笔记…………………………………………………………………4Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics……………………………………………………………4Chapter2SpeechSounds……………………………………………………………………8Chapter3Lexicon……………………………………………………………………………14Chapter4Syntax……………………………………………………………………………21Chapter5Meaning……………………………………………………………………………26Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMind……………………………………………………29Chapter7Language,CultureandSociety……………………………………………………35Chapter8LanguageinUse……………………………………………………………………38Chapter9LanguageandLiterature……………………………………………………………44Chapter10LanguageandComputer…………………………………………………………49Chapter11LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeaching………………………………………53Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics……………………………………59第二部分重点章节测试题…………………………………………………………………67TestOneInvitationstoLinguistics……………………………………………………………67TestTwoPhoneticsandPhonology…………………………………………………………70TestThreeMorphology………………………………………………………………………73TestFourSyntax………………………………………………………………………………76TestFiveSemantics…………………………………………………………………………79TestSixPragmatics……………………………………………………………………………82TestSevenLanguage,CultureandSociety……………………………………………………85TestEightTheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics……………………………………88第三部分测试题参考答案…………………………………………………………………91参考书目………………………………………………………………………………100创思英语下载自百度文库-3–第一部分各章节提纲笔记Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.1Whystudylanguage?1.Languageisveryessentialtohumanbeings.2.Inlanguagetherearemanythingsweshouldknow.3.Forfurtherunderstanding,weneedtostudylanguagescientifically.1.2Whatislanguage?Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.3DesignfeaturesoflanguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.1.3.1ArbitrarinessArbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.1.3.2DualityDualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.1.3.3CreativityCreativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.1.3.4DisplacementDisplacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofconversation.1.4Originoflanguage1.Thebow-wowtheoryInprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.2.Thepooh-poohtheoryInthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichgraduallydevelopedintolanguage.3.The“yo-he-ho”theoryAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.1.5FunctionsoflanguageAsisproposedbyJacobson,languagehassixfunctions:1.Referential:toconveymessageandinformation;2.Poetic:toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;3.Emotive:toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions;4.Conative:topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;5.Phatic:toestablishcommunionwithothers;6.Metalingual:toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.Halliday(1994)proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.Itmeansthatlanguagehasthreemetafunctions:1.Ideationalfunction:toconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatis创思英语下载自百度文库-4–unknowntothehearer;2.Interpersonalfunction:embodyingalluseoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelationships;3.Textualfunction:referringtothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:1.5.1InformativeTheinformativefunctionmeanslanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.1.5.2InterpersonalfunctionTheinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.1.5.3PerformativeTheperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.1.5.4EmotivefunctionTheemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpo