高考复习――虚拟语气

虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。下面分别介绍虚拟语气在各种句型中的用法。几种“随时变化”句：谓语动词往前推一步一.if条件句与主句的时态搭配与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实相反例句：IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygo.IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tloseheart.Ifshewerealivetoday,howhappywewouldbe!例句：IfIhadtakenhisadvice,Ishould/wouldnothavemadesuchamistake.Wewouldhavedroppedbyifwehadhadtime.例句：IfIhadtime,Iwouldseehimoffattheairporttomorrow.Ifitshouldrain,thecropscouldbesaved.IfIweretodoit,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式表示与现在事实相反动词过去式（be多用were）should/would/could/might+动词原型表示与过去事实相反had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词表示与将来事实相反动词过去式（be多用were）should/would/could/might+动词原型should+动词原型wereto+动词原型(1)混合条件句：从句与主句的动作不是同时发生，这时要分别根据各自发生的时间，选用相应的虚拟形式。例句：ItisapitythatMr.Zhangisn’there.Ifhehadcome,myparentswouldbehappier.Ifyouhadgonetoadoctor,youwouldbeallrightnow.注意：(2)含有were，had(做助动)或should的虚拟条件句可以省略if，然后将were，had或should移至主语之前，形成倒装句。例句：WereIyou,Iwouldnotgiveup.HadIknownhistelephonenumber,Iwouldhaverunghimupatthattime.Shouldithappen,whatwouldyoudo?(3)介词with，without，butfor等所引导的短语可以表示含蓄的条件。例句：Withyourhelp,wecouldhavedonebetter.Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.Butforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavepassedtheexam.(4)虚实错综句：有时虚拟现象与客观事实错综交织在一起，需要我们判断哪一处是虚拟语气，哪一处是陈述语气。Iwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegonetherewithyou.（第一句说明当时的事实，是陈述句；otherwise后面是隐含条件的虚拟语气。）Icouldhavefinishedthework,butIwasillthen.（前句是隐含条件的虚拟语气，后句but表示转折，说明当时的事实，是陈述句。）(5)Ifitbenotfor…也是一种虚拟语气从句，意为“要是没有...”。Ifitwerenotfor…Ifithadnotbeenfor…例句：IfitwerenotfortheguidanceoftheParty,wewouldfail.Ifithadnotbeenforthehelpofourteacher,wewouldnothavemadesomuchprogress.Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropswoulddie.二.ifonly,wish,asif/asthough从句的虚拟形式S+动词过去式（表现在）Ifonly+S+had+过去分词（表过去）S+could/would/might+动词原形（表将来）(1)Ifonly…!=HowIwish…!常常引导一个省略了主句的句子，表示强烈的愿望，意为“要是……就好了”，“但愿……”。例句：IfonlyIcouldhelpyou!IfonlyIhadn’tsaidthat!Ifonlythewindwouldstop!(2)动词wish后的宾语从句表示不可能实现的愿望，因此从句中要用虚拟语气。从句中谓语动词的形式为：S+wish+(that)+:S+动词过去式（be多用were）（表现在）S+had+过去分词（表过去）S+could/would/might+动词原形（表将来）例句：IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.IwishitwerespringinBeijingalltheyearround.Iwish(ed)Ihadn’tspentsomuchmoney.IwishIwouldgoabroadsomeday.(3)虚拟语气用于asif或asthough引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中，从句中谓语动词的形式与wish从句中谓语动词的形式一样。例句：Shetreatstheboyasifhewereherownchild.ShetalksaboutNewYorkasthoughshehadbeenthere.Itlooksasifitmightrain.注意：①asif/asthough如果表示“有可能实现的事实”时，不用虚拟语气。如：Hewalksasifheisdrunk.（确实醉了）Hewalksasifheweredrunk.（其实并没有醉）Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.（真的要下雨了）Itlooksasiftheskyweregoingtofalldown.（天不会塌下来）②以上两种虚拟语气从句的谓语动词的形式与主句的时态无关，只根据它与主句动作的时间差而定。例句：Helookedasifhewereanartist.HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland.(4)虚拟语气用在“wouldrather+(that)从句”中，从句中谓语动词多用“过去式（be多用were）”或“had+过去分词”等形式。例句：I’dratheryoupostedtheletteratonce.HewouldratherIhaddonetheworkforhim.三、虚拟语气用在“Itis(high)time+(that)+定语从句”中，从句中谓语动词的形式为“动词过去式（be的过去式一律用were）”或“should+动词原形”（should不省略）。例句：Itis(high)timethatwehadarest/weshouldhavearest.四、虚拟语气用在四种名词性从句中，从句中谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”的形式句型例句一坚持（insist）二命令（order，command）三建议（advise，suggest，propose）四要求（demand，desire，require，request）后的宾语从句Hesuggestedthatwe(should)putoffthematch.Iinsistedthathegowithyou.Theofficerorderedthathismen(should)notfire.Iadvisedthattheplan(should)becanceled.Itis+上述动词过去分词或decided/arranged+that+主语从句Itis+important/necessary/natural/strange/apity+that+主语从句Itwassuggestedthatweputoffthematch.Itisnecessarythattheproblem(should)besettledatonce.Itisstrangethathehavesomanyfriends.用于上述动词的同源名词或idea/plan后的表语从句Hissuggestionwasthatweputoffthematch.Hisdecisionisthatyounotattendthemeeting.用于上述动词的同源名词或idea/plan后的同位语从句Hemadeasuggestionthatweputoffthematch.Itisourideathatshe(should)gotoEnglandforfurtherstudy.注意：1.suggest意为“建议，提议”时，用虚拟语气；意为“暗示，说明”时，用陈述语气。例句：Jane’spalefacesuggestedthatshewasill,andherparentssuggestedthatshehaveamedicalexamination.2.insist意为“坚决要求，一定要”时，用虚拟语气；意为“坚持认为，坚持说，力言”时，用陈述语气。例句：Iinsistedhegotoseeadoctor,butheinsistedthatnothingwaswrongwithhim.四、用于下列特殊句型中1.“May+主语+动词原形”表祝愿的句型中。例句：Mayyoubehappy!Mayyousucceed!2.用于标语、口号或祈祷的句子中。例句：Godblessyou.LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!