高一英语基础词法和句法

•词性，成分和句型实词：可以单独作成分1.名词（noun）可数名词/C/n.不可数名词/U/n.2.代词（pronoun）行为动词及物动词不及物动词系动词完全系动词3.动词（verb）半系动词助动词情态动词1.feel,taste,looksmell,sound2.keep,stay,remain3.become,get,turn,grow,go等4.seem,appear词类4.形容词（adjective）5.副词（adverb）6.数词（numeral）基数词序数词虚词：1.冠词（article),a/an,the2.介词（preposition）,如：on,at,in等；3.连词（conjunction），如：and,but等；4.感叹词（interjection），如：Oh!Ah!等。句子成分主谓宾表定状补同位语1.IlikeEnglishandsodoesTom.Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.Whathesaidupsetme.主语表示所说的对象是“谁”或者是“什么”.主语一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词,如短语doing,todo或从句充当。2.Nobodyknowshim.•Thericharenotalwayshappy.•Iamgettingoffatthenextstation.Willyouhavetogotomorrow?IwonderifitisbecauseIhaven’tbeenabletobeoutdoorsforsolongthatI’vegrownsocrazyabouteverythingtodowithnature.谓语位置一般在主语之后，说明主语的动作或状态。谓语只能由动词或动词短语充当。3.•Weloveourmotherland.•Hegaveupsmokinglastyear.•DoyouunderstandwhatImean?•Youneedtothinkmoreinyourstudies.宾语•宾语是及物动词所表示的动作的对象，或介词所支配的对象。名词、代词（宾格）、数词或相当于名词的词、如doing,todo或其他短语或从句都可以作宾语。4.Thatsoundsgood.Hebecameangry.Mydreamhascometrue.Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.Thisiswherehelives.表语•表语放在系动词(be等)之后，用来说明主语的特征、性质、身份或状态等。名词、形容词、副词、代词、分词、动词不定式、动名词、介词短语或从句都可以用作表语。5Youarehard-workingstudents.awomandriver,aswimmingpoolaseven-dayholiday,somethingnewamannamedChuckNolandWeshouldhavesomeonetocareabout.Whoistheboyinthehat?Machinesweremadewhichusedthiskindofpower.定语主要由形容词或与之相当的其他词类，如非谓语动i才或其他短语或从句充当。定语用来修饰名词或代词.6.•Theyareworkingveryhard.•Surely,wewillhelpyou.•Hewasreadingyesterdayafternoon.•Unlesshestudieshard,hewon’tmakeprogress..状语主要由副词，或与之相当的其他词类，如非谓语动词或介词短语或从句充当。状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。Thebadnewsmadeusupset.WecallherJenny.Theyfoundhimout.Tiredandsleepy,Iwenttobed.7.补语补充说明主语或宾语。由形容词，名词，代词，数词等充当。•ThisisMissHuang,ourEnglishteacher.•Sheherselfsaidso.•Areyoutwoready?•Thesedesksaremadeforusstudents.Thenewsthatourteamwonthegamemakesushappy.8.同位语对前面名词或代词做进一步解释说明。由名词，数词，代词或从句充当。简单句的五种基本句型1.主+系+表2.主+谓3.主+谓+宾4.主+谓+宾+宾补5.主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语4.主+谓+宾+宾补（1）n.（2）adj.（3）adv.复合宾语（4）prep.Phrase（5）todo(tell,ask,want,get,wouldlike，waitfor等）（6）do(make,let,have,see,watch,notice,hearfind,feel等）(7)doing(have,get,see,hear等）(8)done(make,have,get,see,hear,feel,find等）5.主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语双宾语（1）（give,pass,tell,teach,send,write,show,bring,offer等）Hetoldusafunnystory.=Hetoldafunnystory_____us.(2)(buy,get,fetch,build,choose,make,save等）Cometothecinemaasearlyaspossible.Ihavesavedyouaseat.=Ihavesavedaseat____you.tofor请说出下列句子类型1.Autumniscoming.2.Theywon’tletmego.3.Heshowedmehisnewbike.4.Sheknowswhattodo.5.Theweatherisverycold.6.Can’tyougetthemtohelpyou?7.DoyouthinkitpossibleforChinesetobecomeaworldlanguage?英语句子的种类简单句并列句复合句Ⅰ.简单句A.只包含一个主谓结构Maryopenedthedoor.B.两个并列主语和一个谓语Steveandhisfriendarecomingtodinner.C.一个主语和并列谓语Maryopenedthedoorandgreetedtheguests.D.两个并列主语和两个并列谓语MaryandStevewenttotheshop,boughtsomefruitandvisitedtheirfriend.把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，则成为一个并列句。Ⅱ.并列句1.IturnedontheTV.Wewatchedit.IturnedontheTVandwewatchedit.2.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepitHemadeapromise,buthedidn’tkeepit.常用并列连词1.（1）和，与and(2)但是,而是but/yet/andyet然而，而，而且while(3)就在这个时候when(4)或者,还是or(5)否则or/orelse/otherwise(6)因为for(7)因此，所以so(8)both…and;neither…nor…notonly…butalso;either…orNotonlyisheinterestedinfootballbutalsohisparentsarebeginningtoshowinterestinit.EitheryouleavetheroomorIcallthepolice.用合适的词填空：1.Heisahard-workingstudent,____weneedn’tmakehimstudy.2.Thedaybreaks,____thebirdsaresinging.3.Whenmothercameback,shefoundIwaswatchingTV____myyoungersisterwasdoingcleaning.4.OnedayChuckNolandwasonaflightacrossthePacificOcean______hisplanecrashed.5.Studyhard___youwillfailtopasstheexam.soforwhilewhenor1.Hehastwochildren.Theyarestudents.2.Hehastwochildren;theyarestudents.3.Hehastwochildrenandtheyarestudents.4.Becausehestudiesveryhard,hedoeswellinhisclass.5.Hehastwochildrenwhoarestudents.由一个主句加一个或多个从句构成复合句主句是一个完整的句子(independentsentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须由连接词和一个主句连用，不能独立存在.Ⅲ.复合句（CompoundSentence)Iwonderifyoucouldgivemeahand.请指出该复合句的主句和从句部分。从句主句•Annewishedshecouldtellpeopleeverythingthatshehadgonethroughintheconcentrationcamp（集中营）.复合句中，主句只有一个，从句可以有n个.(n≥1)Shesaidthatshewasunhappyandthatshewouldtellmymanageraboutthis.1.名词性从句在复合句中，主要包含以下类型从句：1）主语从句2）宾语从句3）表语从句4）同位语从句2.状语从句3.定语从句指出下列各从句的类型：Ihopethateverythingisallright.ShewasreadingthenewspaperwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestofall.状语从句定语从句Itissuchabigboxthatnobodycanmoveit.Hedidn’tcomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.I’llgivethelettertohimwhenIseehim.We’llgotothegreatwallifit’sfinetomorrow.Althoughtheplaceisquitepleasant,weshouldnotgothereallthetime.指出下列各从句中的从属连词Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why)请用括号中所给的词把每组句子连接为一个复合句Istillremembertheday.IfirstcametoBeijingonthatday.(when)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.Hehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.1.Myroommatewassleeping,wedidn’twanttowakeherup.请用所学知识改正下列病句改正：Myroommatewassleeping.Wedidn’twanttowakeherup.Myroommatewassleeping,sowedidn’twanttowakeherup.2.IwenttobedBecauseIwastired.改正：IwenttobedbecauseIwastired.1.I’llgivethelettertohim.Iseehim.(时间)2.Hedidn’tcomeyesterday.Hewasill.(原因)3.Itissuchabigbox.Nobodycanmoveit.(结果)4.We’llgotothegreatwall.It’sfinetomorrow.(条件)5.Weshouldnotgothe