发展还是内卷_十八世纪英国与中国_评彭慕兰_大分岔_欧洲_中国及现代

?X:,:(KennethPomeranz),1800,,2018,,(),(),,,18:,():18,(thegreatdivergence)1800,,20,1800,,,,19,941X:(PerryAnderson)(StevanHarrell)(ChrisIsett)(MarkSelden)(MatthewSommer)JournalofAsianStudies([WilliamRowe]),(KathrynBernhardt)(RobertBrenner)(JosephEsherick),,©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,(de2cen2tralization),,,,:,,,,,:?,,:,;(),,,,,;,,,,,,1800,05120024(E.Jones,Agriculture17001780.InF.Roderick,M.Donald(eds.),TheEconomicHistoryofBritainSince1700,Volume1:17001860.Cambridge,England:CambridgeUniversityPress,1981,pp.6686)(R.Allen,AgricultureDuringtheIndustrialRevolution.InF.Roderick,M.Donald(eds.),TheEconomicHistroyofBritainSince1700,SecondEdition,Volume1:17001860.Cambridge,England:CambridgeUniversityPress,1994,pp.96122)(E.Wrigley,UrbanGrowthandAgriculturalChange:EnglandandtheContinentintheEarlyModernPeriod.JournalofInterdisciplinaryHistroy,xv:4(Spring,1985):683728),18K.Pomeranz,TheGreatDivergence:Europe,China,andtheMakingoftheMordernWorldEconomy.Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,2000,pp.3134.,,©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(411866),,70%36125%,18001/32/3,183/4(ArthurYoung)1860,,18,()185%:(),()(),,(MarkOverton)18,,,1718,(Norfolk)(1860),()(),18()73%,17601800,,69%,35%,151?Jones,73Allen(1994),109113114Allen(1992),111;M.Overton,AgriculturalRevolutioninEngland:TheTtransfor2mationoftheAgrarianEconomy,15001850Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1996,p.3Wrigley,726P.Huang,ThePeasantFamilyandRuralDevelopmentintheYangziDelta,13501988(YangziDelta).Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1900,p.11;:(),,20002,11Wrigley,728,38Allen,pp.102,104,107,1992:1718(R.Allen,EnclosureandtheYeoman.Oxford:OxfordUni2versityPress,1992)Wrigley,688700701723,10%(Jones,68)©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(convertiblehusbandry),,,,,,,18161200,1500,250(6=1),1800866,3560,,,,,18,,(),;,,()(),,(2030,019%),,,()(JohnLossingBuck),6171,251J.Buck,LandUtilizationinChina.p.12.():,,1963,7();(()),,1983,15;019%J.BuckLandUtilizationinChina:Statistics(UniversityofNanking,1937)178,LiBozhong,AgriculturalDevelopmentinJiangnan,16201850(Jiangnan).NewYork:St.MartinpsPress,1998,pp.3940,50;615,,1990Huang,YangziDelta,B11,341342339340Wrigley700,Allen104Overton,116117,(Overton,3)Overton118©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),;,171952,()1118%18,,(),,(,),,,18,(),,,,,()2030,30,,(),:,,,()(),(),,()(3134302306),,,351?P.Huang,ThePeasantEconomyandSocialChangeinNorthChina(NorthChina).Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1985,8,148;:(),,20002,153J.Drummond,A.Wilbraham,TheEnglishmanpsFood.London:JonathanCape,1958[1939],pp.206210.,,1983,150;©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.()()(),()18,()(98),,13(1100,160176)():153(1=111),115,2050200:(203040100%),(),,,18,,451;Huang,YangziDelta,pp.130132;133134,(),()215(LiBozhong,Jiangnan,p.114,p.209n.35,,,1985,655657),182500,2000,:,20004000,1,(,273),,,,,,:(),(LiBozhong,Jiangnan,p.114):,19841,7()©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,,,(ThomasBatchelor),,2516,41277,1116,,4331,,,,,,115,214,18()115310112125(),715()516192,,(40%50%),,1,,18()1/52/5:13501850,,,201012551?17(LiBozhong,Jiangnan,p.52),,52532030,60%,40%60%,20%40%(Huang,YangziDelta,4,26;:,25)18,10();LiBozhong,Jiangnan,p.124Huang,YangziDelta,p.89;:,89Huang,YangziDelta,pp.84,125;:,83127;J.Buck,LandUtilizationinChina:Statistics,p.314Allen,83,158(Allen,1992,158162);T.Batchelor,GeneralViewoftheAgricultureoftheCountyofBedord(London:Sherwood,Neely,andJones,1813),p.582,8688;Huang,NorthChina,p.148;:,153©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(91)(23)(46),23(1=3163),,18271,(),,,,:48,30,15,()93,10,,913151,18:150,100,01921158(515915),1251125,1001(,,1253,421)191113,0125,451,,,,()1800/,651314356(Wrigley,700;Allen,104)11255,12001000,250,Huang,NorthChina,B11,322C11,327;:,330331337Huang,YangziDelta,B12,342;:,340Allen,99LiBozhong,Jiangnan,pp.9095,148;Huang,YangziDelta,p.79;:,7951,()8,101(Huang,YangziDelta,p.84;:,84)Huang,YangziDelta,pp.46,84;:,468485;,390;:(),,1992,53©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(EsterBoserup),,(),1315(2125)6(1),1915,2115,716(1=2184),3432,1290,2171,,,(4,7)(1127,110),21,,102125,01225,7110,0114,,,,,18(16096),()1/31/2,,,315,9,(),,()(),()751?LiBozhong,Jiangnan,pp.95,148;Huang,YangziDelta,p.54;:,53,Huang,YangziDelta,pp.8485;:,85Allen(1994)517,11218(Winch2ester)(351238,3613678)(100)160,17014;1(160176)E.Boserup,TheConditionsofAgriculturalGrowth:TheEconomicsofAgrarianChangeUnderPopulationPressure.Chicago:Aldine,1965,45©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.()10030%,30();100010%,(),,,,,,,(E,320),73(322),71,4(2),20,(102322323),1860,1%,(),,?:,(),,,,,,,,,85