可持续发展经济ppt介绍之循环经济讲解environment

1、1WaterPollutionReference:G.TylerMiller’sLivingintheEnvironment14thEditionPreparedbyShohailMotahirChoudhury2KeyConceptsTypes,sources,andeffectsofwaterpollutantsMajorpollutionproblemsofsurfacewaterMajorpollutionproblemsofgroundwaterReductionandpreventionofwaterpollutionDrinkingwaterquality3Types,Effects,andSourcesofWaterPollution•Waterispollutedbyinfectiousbacteria,inorganicandorganicchemicals,andexcessheat.•Waterpollutionisanychemical,biological,orphysicalchangeinwaterqualitythathasaharmful。

2、effectonlivingorganisms.•TheWHOestimatesthat3.4millionpeopledieprematurelyeachyearfromwaterbornediseases.•IntheU.S.,anestimated1.5millionpeopleayearbecomeillfrominfectiousagents.4•Scientistsmonitorwaterqualitybyusingbacterialcounts,chemicalanalysis,andindicatororganisms.•Onemethodofmeasuringwaterqualityinvolvesmeasuringthenumberofcoloniesoffecalcoliformbacteriapresentinawatersample.•Drinkingwatershouldnotcontainanycolonies/100milliliters,•Chemicalanalysisincludescheckinginorganicandorganicchemic。

3、alspresent,sedimentcontent,andturbidityofwater.•Indicatorspeciesarelivingorganismsthataremonitoredtodeterminelevelsofpollution.5SourcesofWaterPollutionPointsourcesNonpointsourcesWaterquality6PointandNonpointSourcesNONPOINTSOURCESUrbanstreetsSuburbandevelopmentWastewatertreatmentplantRuralhomesCroplandFactoryAnimalfeedlotPOINTSOURCES7SourcesofwaterpollutionTheleadingsourcesofwaterpollutionareagriculture,industries,andmining.1.Agriculturalactivitiesaretheleadingcauseofwaterpollutionfromerosion,ove。

4、rgrazing,fertilizersandpesticides,andexcesssaltfromirrigatedsoils.2.Industrialfacilitiesareanotherlargesourceofwaterpollution,andminingisathirdsource.8•Oneofeveryfivepeopleintheworldlacksaccesstosafedrinkingwater.•Ninety-fivepercentofpeopleindevelopedcountriesand74%ofpeopleindevelopingcountrieshaveaccesstocleandrinkingwater.•Inawarmerworld,toomuchrainandtoolittleraincanincreasewaterpollution.9PollutionofFreshwaterStreamsStreamscanrecoverfrommoderatelevelsofdegradablewaterpollutantsiftheflowsaren。

5、otreduced.1.Acombinationofdilutionandbiodegradationcanallowrecoveryofstreampollution2.Thebreakdownofpollutantsbybacteriacreatesanoxygensagcurve.Organismsthathaveahighoxygendemandcan’tsurviveinthecurve.3.Volumeofthestream,volumeofwastesentering,flowrate,temperature,andpHlevelsallaffecthowgreatasagcurveisproduced.10OxygenSagCurve11WaterPollution:NowMostdevelopedcountrieshavereducedpointsourcepollution,buttoxicchemicalsandpollutionfromnon-pointsourcesarestillproblems.Streampollutioninmostdeveloping。

6、countriesisaseriousandgrowingproblem.Halfoftheworld’s500majorriversareheavilypolluted,andmostofthemrunthroughdevelopingcountrieswherewastetreatmentisminimalornonexistent.Forexample:Religiousbeliefs,culturaltraditions,poverty,littleeconomicdevelopment,andalargepopulationinteracttocauseseverepollutionoftheGangesRiverinIndia.12PollutionofLakes13TheGreatLakesFig.22-8p.50014GroundwaterPollution:CausesLowflowratesFewbacteriaColdtemperaturesCoalstripminerunoffPumpingwellWastelagoonAccidentalspillsGr。

7、oundwaterflowConfinedaquiferDischargeLeakagefromfaultycasingHazardouswasteinjectionwellPesticidesGasolinestationBuriedgasolineandsolventtankSewerCesspoolseptictankDe-icingroadsaltWaterpumpingwellLandfillLowoxygen15PollutionofGroundwaterExpertsrategroundwaterpollutionasalow-riskecologicalproblem;itisratedasahigh-riskhealthproblem.TheextentofgroundwatercontaminationisgenerallyunknownPreventionisthemosteffectiveandaffordablewaytoprotectgroundwaterfrompollutants.16OceanPollutionFig.22-11p.50417Case。

8、Study:ChesapeakeBayLargestUSestuaryRelativelyshallowSlow“flushing”actiontoAtlanticMajorproblemswithdissolvedO218OilSpillsSources:offshorewells,tankers,pipelinesandstoragetanksEffects:deathoforganisms,lossofanimalinsulationandbuoyancy,smotheringSignificanteconomicimpactsMechanicalcleanupmethods:skimmersandblottersChemicalcleanupmethods:coagulantsanddispersingagents19Solutions:PreventingandReducingSurfaceWaterPollutionNonpointSourcesPointSourcesReducerunoffBufferzonevegetationReducesoilerosion。

9、CleanWaterActWaterQualityAct20TechnologicalApproach:SepticSystemsRequiresuitablesoilsandmaintenance21TechnologicalApproach:Advanced(Tertiary)SewageTreatmentUsesphysicalandchemicalprocessesRemovesnitrateandphosphateExpensiveNotwidelyused22DrinkingWaterQualitySafeDrinkingWaterActMaximumcontaminantlevels(MCLs)PurificationofurbandrinkingwaterBottledwaterProtectionfromterrorismPurificationofruraldrinkingwater。