经济周期、博弈论、外文文献及翻译

西安建筑科技大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译院（系）：管理学院专业：公共事业管理姓名：郑凯学号：091130126外文出处：JournalofEvolutionaryEconom--ics,2004,Vol.14(2)Bookreview:Gametheoryandinterdependence.GameTheoryanditsApplicationsintheSocialandBiologicalSciences,AndrewM.Colman,Oxford:Butterworth‐Heinemann,1995.375pp,ISBN0‐7506‐2369‐1.附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文完成日期：2013年4月10日(用外文写)西安建筑科技大学毕业论文外文翻译资料1.Businesscyclethedefinitionoftheeconomiccycle,economiccycle:alsocalledthebusinesscycle,businesscycles,economiccycle,itistopointtointheoperationoftheeconomiccyclicaleconomicexpansionandcontractionofalternatecyclesofaphenomenon.Isthenationaltotaloutput,totalrevenueandtotalemploymentfluctuations.Undertheconditionofmarketeconomy,entrepreneursareincreasinglyconcernedabouttheeconomy,namelyeconomicclimatechange.Thestandorfallofanenterpriseproductionandbusinessoperationconditions,isinfluencedbyitsinternalconditions,andbytheexternalmacroeconomicenvironmentandmarketenvironment.,anenterpriseisunabletodetermineitsexternalenvironment,butcanthroughtheinternalconditionstoimprove,toactivelyadapttothechangeoftheexternalenvironment,makefulluseofexternalenvironment,andwithinacertainrange,changetheirownenvironment,inordertoenhancetheirvitality,expandmarketshare.Asentrepreneurs,therefore,theeconomiccyclefluctuationsmustunderstandandgrasp,andtoformulatethecorrespondingcountermeasuretoadapttothecyclefluctuations,orlossoflifeinwaves.schumpeterandbasedoninnovationtheory,intheeconomiccycleandrelevantbooksandperiodicals,presentedhistheoryofeconomiccycle.Bydiffusion,akindofinnovation,heargues,tostimulatelarge-scaleinvestment,causedtheupsurge,onceinvestmentopportunitiesdisappear,thenintoarecession.Becausetheintroductionofinnovationisnotcontinuoussteady,butthehighlow,thusproducetheeconomiccycle.Innovationinthehistoryofthedifferinthousandsways,itsinfluenceonthedevelopmentoftheeconomyaredifferentsizes,socyclehaslonghaveshort.Hiscombinationofthepreviousargument,putforwardintheprocessofhistoricaldevelopmentofcapitalismatthesametimetherearethreecyclesofclaims:(1)50~60yearslongcycleorlongwaveofeconomy,alsoknownastheConradJiYecycle;(2)asanaverageof9~10yearsofcapitalisteconomiccycle,alsoknownasthejugpullcycle;(3)anaverageof40monthsofso-calledshortcycleorshortwave,alsoknownasqinperiod.Hedeclaredthattheseveralcyclestocoexistandintertwinedwitheachotherfurtherprovesthecorrectnessofhisinnovationtheory.Schumpeteralsoincapitalism,socialismanddemocracy,abookattacked,laborvaluetheoryofMarx'shistoricalmaterialismandsurplusvaluetheory.Heputforwardacapitalismwillautomatictransitiontothesocialistargument.Heasserted:oncetheeconomyprogressmakesallofnon-lifeandautomated,withouthumanaction,innovationitselfdowntoaroutinethings,weakfunction,thenentrepreneursforinnovation,investmentopportunitiesaredisappearingandbecomeuseless,capitalismwillnotsurvive,andwillautomaticallyenterthesocialism.Schumpetercalledsocialism,however,andasasymbolofsocialistpublicandpublic,infactisstillthenationalizationofthebourgeoisieandstatethatnochangeortouchesthecapitalistownership.Currenthavebeenharsheraboutschumpeter'stheoryoftheinfluenceofthewesternacademiahavegreaterextension,especiallyduetotheprogressofscienceandtechnology,schumpeter'sinnovationtheorybywesternscholarsmoreattention.西安建筑科技大学毕业论文外文翻译资料11、经济周期理论经济周期的定义经济周期(Businesscycle)：也称商业周期、商业循环、景气循环，它是指经济运行中周期性出现的经济扩张与经济紧缩交替更迭、循环往复的一种现象。是国民总产出、总收入和总就业的波动。在市场经济条件下，企业家们越来越多地关心经济形势，也就是“经济大气候”的变化。一个企业生产经营状况的好坏，既受其内部条件的影响，又受其外部宏观经济环境和市场环境的影响。一个企业，无力决定它的外部环境，但可以通过内部条件的改善，来积极适应外部环境的变化，充分利用外部环境，并在一定范围内，改变自己的小环境，以增强自身活力，扩大市场占有率。因此，作为企业家对经济周期波动必须了解、把握，并能制订相应的对策来适应周期的波动，否则将在波动中丧失生机。熊彼特又以“创新理论”为依据，在《经济周期》及有关书刊中，提出了他的经济周期理论。他认为，一种创新通过扩散，刺激大规模的投资，引起了高涨，一旦投资机会消失，便转入了衰退。由于创新的引进不是连续平稳的，而是时高时低的，这样就产生了经济周期。历史上的创新千差万别，对经济发展的影响也大小不同，因而周期有长有短。他综合了前人的论点，提出在资本主义历史发展过程中同时存在着三种周期的主张：①历时50～60年的经济长周期或长波，又称“康德拉季耶夫周期”;②通常所说的平均9～10年的资本主义经济周期，又称“朱格拉周期”；③平均40个月的所谓短周期或短波，又称“基钦周期”。他宣称，这几种周期并存而且互相交织的情况进一步证明了他的“创新理论”的正确性。熊彼特还在《资本主义、社会主义和民主主义》一书中攻击了马克思的历史唯物主义、劳动价值论和剩余价值论。他提出了资本主义将自动过渡到“社会主义”的论点。他断言：一旦经济进步使一切都非人身化和自动化了，无需人的作用了，创新本身降为例行事物了，那时企业家就因创新职能日弱、投资机会日渐消失而变得无用，“资本主义就将活不下去”，并将自动地进入“社会主义”。然而熊彼特所谓的“社会主义”，以及作为社会主义标志的“公有”和“公营”，实际上仍然是资产阶级的国有化和国营，根本没有改变或触动资本主义所有制。当前熊彼特学说在西方学术界的影响有更大的扩展，特别是由于科学技术的西安建筑科技大学毕业论文外文翻译资料2进步，熊彼特的“创新理论”受到西方更多学者的重视。2.GametheoryGametheoryistwopeoplewitheachotherinequalmatch-upstrategytransformtheirconfrontationstrategy,achievethegoalofvictory.Ancientexistinggametheorythought,suntzu'stheartofancientChinaisnotjustamilitarywork,andistheearliestwritingongametheory.Gametheoryoriginalresearchoutcomeofchess,bridge,gamblingproblems,graspofgamesituationonlyonexperience,thereisnotheoreticaldevelopment.(1)Policymakers:inthegamefirsttomakeadecisionoftheparty,thispartyisoftenbasedontheirownfeelings,experience,andsurfacestatepriorityonedirectionalaction.(2)antagonist:actionlagsinthegames,twogamesofthepeople,andpolicymakersshouldbasicnegativedecision,andhisactionislagging,thedefault,passive,butintheend.Hisweaknessesmaydependonthedecisionstrategychoice,takeupthespacefeatures,soconfrontationistheonlywayofdominant,actuallyistheperi