2.翻译的标准

翻译理论与实践TranslationTheoryandPractice钱虹Topic2CriteriaofTranslation翻译的标准*1.CriteriainChina2.Criteriaabroad3.Criteriafordailytranslation4.Assignments翻译理论与实践1.CriteriainChina•严复：信、达、雅•Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandElegance•“Faithfulness”:fullandcompleteconveyingoftheoriginalcontentofthought;•“Expressiveness”:beclearandflowing;•“Elegance”:theuseofclassicalChinesebeforetheHanDynasty.翻译理论与实践•LuXun(鲁迅):•keepthefullflavoroftheoriginalwork.•凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两方面，一当然是其易解，二则保存着原作的丰姿。•FuLei(傅雷):•spiritualconformity(similarityinspirit)(神似）•QianZhongshu(钱钟书):•sublimedadaptation(sublimation)(化境)翻译理论与实践2.CriteriaAbroad•泰特勒（AlexanderF.Tytler):•EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation,1791•A.)Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork;•译文应完全复写出原文的思想；翻译理论与实践•B.)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal;•译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致；•C.)Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.•译文应和译语创作同样流畅。翻译理论与实践•EugeneA.Nida:•Functionalequivalence•Equivalent-effecttheory.•Thetranslatoristoproduceasnearlypossiblethesameeffectonhisreadersaswasproducedonthereadersoftheoriginal.翻译理论与实践*3.Criteriafordailytranslation翻译理论与实践faithfulnessandsmoothness•“Faithfulness”firstreferstothecontentoftheoriginalwork.Thetranslatormustbringouttheoriginalmeaningbothcomprehensivelyandaccuratelywithoutanydistortionorcasualadditionoromissionoftheoriginalthought.Faithfulnessalsoincludesthekeepingoftheoriginalstyle.*翻译理论与实践•Eg.…hefoundthempushingneedles,thread,pots,pans,ribbons,yarn,scissorsandbuttonstohousewives.•原译：…他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针头线脑、锅碗瓢盆。•改译：他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针线、锅罐、缎带、剪刀和纽扣。翻译理论与实践•“Smoothness”requiresthattheversionshouldbeclearanddistinct,flowingandeasytoreadwithoutsignsofthemechanicalword-for-wordtranslation,ofobscureandcrabbedlanguage,ofgrammaticalmistakes,confusedstructureandturbidlogic.Orinotherwords,bysmoothnesswemeanthatweshouldmakethelanguageforceful,clearandidiomatic.•Eg.FromthereIcouldseethewholevalleybelow,thefields,theriver,andthevillage.Itwasallverybeautiful,andthesightofitfilledmewithlonging.•原译：从那里，我可以看见下面的整个山谷，那田野、河流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望。•改译：从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流和村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。翻译理论与实践•Sometimestherearecontradictionsbetweenfaithfulnessandsmoothness,butthetranslatormusttryhis/herbesttoarriveattheunityofthecontradictions.•Themostimportantthingis,hemusthaveathoroughunderstandingoftheauthor’sideasandfeelingsexpressedintheoriginalandputthemintoadifferentlanguageidiomatically.翻译理论与实践礼貌在我们的社交生活中扮演重要的角色，因为它使得许多事情顺利进行。有礼貌的人懂得体谅别人并且尊重别人的隐私。在人们眼中，他既谦虚又有教养，这就是他受到朋友欢迎、同事尊敬和上司称赞的原因。不论他到哪儿，他优雅的风度都会留给人家好印象。由此可知，礼貌是一种值得培养的美德。翻译理论与实践4.Assignments=248Courtesyplaysamajorroleinoursociallife,becauseithelpsmakethingsgosmoothly.Apolitemanisonewhoisconsiderateofothersandrespectfuloftheirprivacy.Heisoftenregardedaswell-bredandmodest.Thisaccountsforthereasonwhyhewinstheheartsofhisfriends,therespectofhiscolleaguesandthepraiseofhissuperiors.Whereverheis,hisgracefulnessmakesagoodimpressiononothers.Inviewofthis,courtesyisavirtueworthfostering.翻译理论与实践Referenceversion:翻译理论与实践