语言学-第五章

1ChapterFiveSemantics2Focuses:1.Theconceptualistview2.Contextualism3.Behaviorism4.Leech’s7typesofmeaning5.Referentialtheory6.Senserelation7.Componentialanalysis8.Sentencemeaning31.Definition:thestudyofmeaning;Morespecifically,thestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.4Thebasicareaofstudy:themeaningofsigns;relationsbetweendifferentlinguisticunits52.Approachestomeaning:Whatisthemeaningofsputnik?Ididn’tmeantohurtyou.Lifewithoutfaithhasnomeaning.Fameandrichesmeannothingtothetruescholar.6意义：语言文字或其他符合所表达的内容。e.g.节约就是不浪费的意思。价值；作用。e.g.人生的意义7Namingtheory(Plato)TheconceptualistviewContextualism(Bloomfield)BehaviorismTruthconditions8Namingtheory(Plato)命名论Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.N.:objectsoreventsadj.:propertiesofthoseobjectsoreventsV.:actionsAdv.:thepropertiesofthoseactions9Plato（柏拉图）：词义就是事物、行为和属性的名称，或者说词语有指义或命名的功能。Russell（罗素）：一个词的意义就是一个对象，即一个词意指着某客体，也就是代表着一个客体。10Limitations:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…4)Somewordsmayhavedifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.5)Thesamereferencemayhavedifferentnames.11Theconceptualistview概念论(ideationaltheory）thereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.12OgdenandRichards:semantictriangleSymbol/formword/phrase/sentenceReferent/objectintheworldofexperienceThought/reference/concept13Thesymbolorawordsignifiesthingsbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeaker;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword.141.形式与意义直接相关，用实线连接。意义通过符号形式来表达，形式是语义的载体。2.意义是在各观事物的基础上概括而成的，是客观事物在头脑中的概括反映，两者也有直接联系，用实线连接。3.形式和所指之间没有必然的联系，故而两者间用虚线连接，所以同一事物可以用不同的形式来表示。15Thecontextualism语境论Iamnearthebank.“black”:blackhair&blackcoffee,orblacksheepdiffersinmeaning;Thecontextdeterminesthemeaning.16Situationalcontext:Thesetting;Thespeakerandhearer;Theactivities;Otherparticipants;Externalobjectsandevents.Linguisticcontext:theprobabilityofwordsorexpressionsco-occurrenceorcollocation.17ThelinguisticmodelofcontextualismLanguageisalwaysusedinacertaincontext.SpeakerAlanguagespeakerBContext18ImportantfiguresofcontextualismMalinowski:Foralargeclassofcases……themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.Firth:Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.Halliday:Meaningisthebridgebetweenlinguisticformsandsituation.19AproblemwiththecontextualismContextissuchacomplicatedconcept,consistingofsomanyfactors.如：世界知识、语言知识、集体知识、参与者、背景、正式程度和基调、媒介、语篇因素、表现等。（胡壮麟2002：“语境研究的多元化”）20Behaviorism行为主义论Behaviorists:“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.21themeaning:“I’mThirsty.”:JillJackS________r……s________RS=Jillseesanappler=Jillsays“I’mThirsty”s=JackhearsJillsays“I’mthirsty”R=JackpickstheappleforJill22JillJackS________r……s________RMeaningconsistsintherelationshipbetweenspeechindicatedbythesmalllettersr……sandthepracticaleventsrepresentedbythecapitalizedlettersSandRthatprecedeandfollowthemrespectively.23ImportantFiguresofBehaviorism:Watson：词的意义就是对词的有条件的反应。Bloomfield（布龙菲尔德）：意义就是讲话人的刺激和听话人的反应。（meaningasspeaker’sstimulusandhearer’sresponse）24Problems:在许多不同的情景中，语词和词句的意义是相同的。意义不能等同于听话人的反应，因为：（1）对同样的话语可以有不同的反应。（2）对不同的语言有同样的反应。（3）对话语没有反应。（4）人们往往要先搞清话语的意义才可能作出反应。25Truthconditions真值条件*ThekingofFranceisbald.*Thedeclarationofindependencewassignedin1976.26*Knowingthemeaningofasentenceistoknowtheconditionsunderwhichthesentenceistrueorfalse.*Knowingthemeaningofawordorexpressionistoknowthepartitplaysinthetruthorfalsehoodofthesentencecontainingit.273.Leech’s7typesofmeaning1974,Semantics:TheStudyofMeaning.7typesofmeaning:28ConceptualmeaningConnotativemeaningSocialmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedandmeaningCollocativemeaningThematicmeaningAssociativeMeaning29Conceptualmeaning概念意义(‘denotative,logicalorcognitive’meaning).desk:apieceoffurniturewithawritingsurfaceandusuallydrawersorothercompartmentsBird:warm-bloodedegg-layingvertebratescharacterizedbyfeathersandforelimbsmodifiedaswings30Concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.一个词本身所代表的字面意义或核心意义。twosides:sense(意义)andreference（所指）31Sense:concernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform;thecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,abstractandde-contextualized.意思、涵义、意义、或系统意义：指与语境无关、仅涉及语言内部成分之间关系的意义，它是意义的中心.32thesenseof“dog”:Acommon4-leggedflesh-eatinganimal,esp.anyofthemanyvarietiesusedbymanasacompanionorforhunting,working,guarding,etc.33Reference（所指）:whatalinguisticformreferstointhephysicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.指称意义、照应关系、所指意义、参照、或外指意义：即表明词语跟语言外部世界的关系的意义。34Lookatthepicture.Init,Maryissaying,“Oh!Ilovethisdogverymuch!”Whatdoesthe“dog”referto?ThedoginfrontofMary!35ReferenceVs.ContextLinguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.Linguisticsfor