2012高考英语一轮复习语法课件(人教版)：专题10 定语从句

专题十定语从句用一个句子作定语，此句子叫作定语从句。定语从句位于被它修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词可分为关系代词（who,whom,whose,which,that)和关系副词(when,where,why)关系词都充当从句的某个成分，它所替代的相应成分应省去。在定语从句中，当who,which,that作主语时，谓语的单复数应与先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不如限制性定语从句与先行词的关系紧密，没有它，主句的意思也清楚，因此用逗号隔开。关系词在非限制性定语从句中的用法与在限制性定语从句中的用法基本一样。八大关系词用法表who,whose,whom,that先行词是人时：从句中缺少主语用who；从句中缺少宾语用whom；从句中的主语缺少定语用whose；that可替换who和whom，作从句的主语或宾语。Thegirlwho/thatbecameanursetwoyearsagoismycousin.(who/that作定语从句的主语)Hawkingisthedisabledscientistwhom/thatwesawinBeijinglastyear.(whom/that作定语从句中saw的宾语)Theboywhosemotherisafamoussingerisalittleactorof7.（whose作定语从句的主语mother的定语。）whichthat先行词是物时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用which；从句中主语缺少定语用whose；that可替换which，作从句的主语或宾语。Theresearchwhich/thatwascarriedonforyearswasstopped.(which/that作定语从句的主语)Thetopicwhich/thatyouweretalkingaboutisrelatedtogeography.(which/that作定语从句的宾语)Thetwocountrieswhoseboundaryisariverhavebeenkeepingagoodrelationshipforfiftyyears.(whose作定语从句的主语的定语)where先行词是地点时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用which/that;不缺少主语或宾语用where,where在从句中充当地点状语。ThecompanywhereIamworkingisatransnationalcompany.(where在定语从句中作地点状语)when先行词是时间时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用which/that;不缺少主语或宾语用when,when在从句中充当时间状语。Theyearswhich/thatIspentinthecountrysideareunforgettable.(which/that作定从spent的宾语)Themonthswhenwespenttheholidaysbytheseawerepleasant.(when在定语从句中作时间状语)why先行词是原因时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用which/that;不缺少主语或宾语用why,why充当原因状语。表原因的先行词有reason,excuse,explanation等。Idon’tbelievethereasonwhich/thatwasobviouslyanexcuse.(which/that作定语从句的主语)Thisistheexcusewhich/thatshechangedhermindfor.(which/that作定语从句介词for的宾语)Theremustbesomereasonwhyhemadesuchanabnormaldecision.(定语从句不缺少主语和宾语)【考点一】考查关系词的省略whom/which/that作定语从句的宾语时，可以省略。Theperson（whom/that）theyarelookingforisMrWilde.Thetopic（which/that）youweretalkingaboutisrelatedtogeography.【考点二】考查非限制性定语从句1.引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用which（不用that）。除which外，还可用when，where，who（m）等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。Lisaisanamateuractress,whoactedanimportantpartinafilm.Thisisakeyseniorhighschool,whereIspentthreeyears.FinallyIdecidedtostayinChongqing，whereIfinishedmycollegestudy．2.引导词which可以指前面整个句子的含义。Lilystayeduplateintothenight,whichmadehermotheranxious.3.在限定性定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限定性定语从句的连词不能省。Hewaseagertogotothehospitaltoseehisstepmother，whomhelovedashisownmother．4.置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时as和which都可以。但是当非限定性定语从句是否定意义时，只能用which引导。Theelephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.=Asanybodycansee,theelephantislikeasnake.【即学即练】单项填空①Sheheardtheterriblenoise,______broughtherheartintohermouth．A.itB.whichC.thisD.that解析：选B。which指代前面的先行词noise，引导非限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语。②Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay，________，ofcourse，madetheothersunhappy．A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what解析：选B。which指代前面的整个句子，引导非限制性定语从句。③_______isknowntoall，Chinawillbeanandpowerfulcountryin20or30yearstime.A.That；advancingB.This；advancedC.As；advancedD.It；advancing解析：选C。置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导。advanced先进的；advancing年事渐高的。④Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood，______wasmorethanwecouldexpect．A.whatB.whichC.thatD.if解析：选B。句中morethan的本意为“超过”，“超过了我们的预料”。which指代前面的整个句子。【考点三】关系代词that或which指物时，宜用that而不用which的情况1.先行词为all,much,little,none,few,one,something,anything等不定代词时。Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou,Mum?(that作宾语时可省略)Ishalldoall(that)Icantohelpyou.(thatIcan是定语从句,修饰all；tohelpyou是动词不定式作目的状语)2.先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等修饰或被only,any,few,much,little,no,all,oneof等修饰时。Muchmoneythathadbeendonatedwassenttothedisasterarea.Thisisthemostinterestingbook(that)Ihaveeverread.Youaretheverykindofperson(that)wehavebeenlookingfor.3.先行词是人和物共用时只能用that。Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.Theoldmanandhisdogthatlivenearherearestrollinginthepark.4.当主句中含有疑问词which时。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?5.先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.6.当主句是therebe句型时，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that指代物。Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.7.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了which,另一个定语从句的关系代词用that。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.【考点四】考查关系代词宜用which而不用that的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中。Bambooishollow,whichmakesitlight.2.在关系词前有介词时。ThisistheroominwhichChairmanMaooncelived.3.当先行词本身是that时。Theclockisthatwhichcantellusthetime.4.当关系词离从句较远时。HereistheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.5.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which。LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.【考点五】考查关系代词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词1.当主句是therebe句型时，关系词用who指代人。There’sagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.2.先行词为anyone,those,someone,everyone,one等词时，关系词用who。ThepersonIwanttolearnfromisonewhostudieshardandworkswell.3.当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow?4.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用who以避免重复。Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday’smeetingisthemonitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.【考点六】考查介词提前1.whom/which作介词的宾语时，介词可提到whom/which之前，此时whom/which不能省略，也不能用that替换。TheladytowhomyouspokelastWednesdayisPaul’swife.IhaveatelescopewithwhichIcanobservethestarsinspace.2.如果被提前的是一个介词短语，应把整个介词短语提前，不能拆开。如果被提前的是一个动词短语，介词不能提前。Iboughtamapaccordingtowhichwecanfindthedestination.Themantheyreferredtojustnowisapro