Professional-English-for-undergraduate-student-5

SichuanUniversityProfessionalEnglish--forChemicalEngineeringChapter4ProfessionalEnglishWritingSection1：MathematicsandChemicalsSpecificWords元素符号大部分元素为直接英文名字一到两个字母缩写oxygen=Onitrogen=Nmagnesium=Mg一些元素缩写来自拉丁名iron=Fe(ferrum)copper=Cu(cuprum)lead=Pb(Plumbum)少数几个元素缩写来自早期误以为是元素的化合物sodium=Na(natrium=sodiumcarbonate)potassium=K(kalium=potassiumcarbonate)AlkaliMetals：Lithium，Sodium，Potassium，Rubidium，CesiumAlkaline-EarthMetals：Beryllium，Magnesium，Calcium，Strontium，BariumHalogenFamilyElements：Fluorine，Chlorine，Bromine，IodineNobleMetalsGold，Silver，Palladium，PlatinumNon-MetalHydrogen,Nitrogen,Oxygen,Carbon,Sulfur,Phosphorus,Silicon,Helium,MainGroupElement，TransitionalElement，OxygenFamilyElements，Inertgaselements，主要元素离子的命名盐类通常是由一定比例阴阳离子组成的物质，其命名由阴、阳离子名字组成NaCl,sodiumchloride;Al(OH)3aluminiumhydroxide;FeBr2iron(II)bromideorferrousbromide;Ca(OAc)2calciumacetate;Cr2(SO4)3chromium(III)sulphateorchromicsulphate.阴离子包括单原子monatomic和多原子polyatomic阴离子单原子阴离子以元素名+“-ide”结尾Oxygen–OxideCarbon–CarbideBromine-Bromide双原子阴离子也已“-ide”结尾OH--HydroxideCN--CyanideO22--Peroxide在含氧的多原子阴离子中，氧原子的数目通过后缀“-ite”，“-ate”表示，分别是少的或多的氧原子。对于含有更少或更多的氧原子时，可能会使用前缀“hypo-”，“per-”HypochloriteClO-ChloriteClO2-ChlorateClO3-PerchlorateClO4-常见阴离子NameSymbolNameSymbolNitrateNO3-NitriteNO2-CarbonateCO32-SulphiteSO32-SulphateSO42-PhosphitePO33-PhosphatePO43-ArseniteAsO33-HydrogensulphateHSO4-HydrogensulphiteHSO3-HydrogencarbonateHCO3-Hypo-chloriteClO-ArsenateAsO43-CyanideCN-IodateIO3-IodideI-ChlorateClO3-FluorideF-ChromateCrO4-ChlorideCl-DichromateCr2O72-BromideBr-PerchlorateClO4-SulphideS2-PermanganateMnO4-OxideO2-AcetateOAc-HydrideH-OxalateC2O42-HydroxideOH-氧化物的命名在金属氧化物命名中，主要使用来源于希腊语的前缀表示氧原子的数目以及化合物中的其他元素。常用前缀包括：(1)mono-,sometimesreducedtomon-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-,(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-前缀中所包含的字母a常常被省略，比如：tetra-，Tri-irontetroxide氧化物的命名对于多价态金属，高价一般以“-ic”结尾，低价一般以“-ous”结尾对于非金属氧化物，mono-常被省略掉Cu+CuprousCu2+CupricMn2+ManganousMn3+ManganicMn7+Permaganic常见金属氧化物FormulaNameFeOiron(II)oxideferrousoxideFe2O3iron(III)oxideferricoxideFe3O4tri-irontetroxideferroferricoxideCu2Ocopper(I)oxidecuprousoxideCuOcopper(II)oxidecupricoxideV2O5vanadium(V)oxidevanadiumpentoxideVO2vanadium(IV)oxidehypovanadicoxideHg2Omercury(I)oxidemercurousoxideHgOmercury(II)oxidemeruricoxide常见非金属氧化物FormulaNameNameCOcarbon(II)oxideCarbonmonoxideCO2carbon(IV)oxideCarbondioxideSO3sulphur(VI)oxideSulphurtrioxideN2O3nitrogen(III)oxideDinitrogentrioxideP2O5Phosphorus(V)oxideDiphosphoruspentoxideCl2O7chlorine(VII)oxideDichlorineheptoxide酸的命名酸的命名由前面阴离子命名对应例如：TheIoninTable2CorrespondingAcid-ate-ic-ite-ous-ide-icAcidIonAcidacetateaceticacidperchlorateperchloricacidsulfitesulfurousacidcyanidehydrocyanicacid常见金属氧化物、碱和盐FormulaNameSn(OH)2tin(II)hydroxideStannoushydroxideSn(OH)4tin(IV)hydroxidestannichydroxideHg2SO4mercury(I)sulphateMercuroussulphateHgSO4mercury(II)sulphateMercuricsulphateNaClOsodiumhypochloriteK2Cr2O7potassiumdichromateCu3(AsO4)2copper(II)arsenatecupricarsenateKVO3potassiummetavanadatepotassiumvanadate(NH4)2C2O4ammoniumoxalateCr(OAc)3Chromium(III)acetateChromicacetate酸式盐、碱式盐的命名对这类复杂盐类，通常按离子及其数目直接命名Na2HPO4disodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4sodiumdihydrogenphosphate.由于历史原因，前缀“bi-”被用于命名某些酸式盐NaHCO3sodiumbicarbonateCa(HSO3)2calciumbisulphite.碱式盐和复合盐命名，按离子数目直接命名Bi(OH)2NO3bismuthdihydroxynitrateNaKSO4sodiumpotassiumsulphate络合物先读出络离子，然后按原化合物命名Cu(NH3)4SO4tetramminecoppersulfate所谓烃类，就是指只包含碳氢的有机化合物，比如苯，甲烷等，统称HydrocarbonHydrogen+carbonaliphatichydrocarbon:Methane,Ethylene,aromatichydrocarbon:Benzene,Toluenealicyclichydrocarbon:Cyclohexane烃类命名烷烃：saturatedaliphatichydrocarbon/Alkyls/Alkane/Paraffin烯烃：unsaturatedaliphatichydrocarbon/Alkene/Olefin炔烃：Alkyne/Alkine/Alkynylcompounds,环烷烃：saturatedcylichydrocarbon/cycloparaffin/naphthene芳香烃：Arene/aromatichydrocarbon/aromaticcompound.烃类命名直链烷烃命名CH4MethaneC11H24undecaneC2H6EthaneC12H26dodecaneC3H8PropaneC13H28tridecaneC4H10ButaneC14H30tetradecaneC5H12PentaneC15H32pentadecaneC6H14HexaneC16H34hexadecaneC7H16HeptaneC17H36HeptadecaneC8H18OctaneC18H38OctadecaneC9H20NonaneC19H40NonadecaneC10H22DecaneC20H42Eicosane烯烃和炔烃对于含双键的不饱和烯烃通常是把烷烃结尾的“-ane”变化为“-ene”进行命名。如果含有两个或两个以上的双键，则以“-adiene”“-atriene”等结尾。对于含三键的不饱和炔烃通常是把烷烃结尾的“-ane”变化为“-yne”进行命名如果含有两个或两个以上的三键，则以“-adiyne”“-atriyne”等结尾。烷烃，烃基，烯烃和炔烃AlkanesAlkylsAlkenesalkynesIUPAC*CommonMthaneMethylEthaneEthylEtheneEthyleneAcetylenePropanePropylPropenePropylenePropyneButaneButylButeneButyleneButynePentanePentyl(amyl)PentenePentylenePentyneHexaneHexyl*InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry主要石油烃类产品Liquefiedpetroleumgas:液化石油气Naphthas:石脑油WhiteSpirit:石油溶剂油RegularandPremiumGasoline:常规或高级汽油JetFuel:航空煤油LampOils:煤油HomeHeatingOilandDieselFuel:家用燃油和柴油Paraffins:石蜡HeaveFuel:重油BaseStocks:基本汽油Waxes:蜡Asphalts:沥青含氧有机物苯酚:Phenol-substitutingahydrogenbyahydroxylgroup,OH,inanaromaticring.呋喃和苯并呋喃：Furanesandbenzofuranes:anoxygenatedringiscondensedintooneormorearomaticrings.羧酸：Carboxylicacid,R-COOH:whereRisaalkylradical,anaromaticring,orasaturatedring.酯：Esters,R-COO-R':whereRandR‘(Rprime)are