建立水质监测体系：发展中国家的净化水的第一阶段

BUILDINGCAPACITYTOMONITORWATERQUALITY:AFIRSTSTEPTOCLEANERWATERINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESJimHightandGrantFerrierEnvironmentalBusinessInternationalJointWorkingPartyonTradeandEnvironmentOECDTradeandEnvironmentWorkingPaperNo.2006-03OECDUnclassifiedCOM/ENV/TD(2006)15/FINALOrganisationdeCoopérationetdeDéveloppementEconomiquesOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment10-May-2006________________________________________________________________________________________________________English-Or.EnglishENVIRONMENTDIRECTORATETRADEDIRECTORATEJointWorkingPartyonTradeandEnvironmentBUILDINGCAPACITYTOMONITORWATERQUALITY:AFIRSTSTEPTOCLEANERWATERINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESOECDTradeandEnvironmentWorkingPaperNo.2006-03byJimHightandGrantFerrierEnvironmentalBusinessInternationalJT03208626DocumentcompletdisponiblesurOLISdanssonformatd'origineCompletedocumentavailableonOLISinitsoriginalformatCOM/ENV/TD(2006)15/FINALUnclassifiedEnglish-Or.English2ABSTRACTOneofthekeychallengestoensuringadequatesuppliesoffreshwaterandsanitarywastewatersystemsistobuildthecapacityofvariousstakeholderstomanageanddeliverwaterandsanitationservices.Oneelementofsuchcapacitybuildingistechnologicalandincludesthewidedeploymentofwaterqualitymonitoringandanalysisequipment.Thisreportexploresfourcases,inChina,India,Malaysia,andChineseTaipei,wherethewater-qualitymonitoringandprotectioncapacityhasbeenimprovedthroughtheuseofimportedwater-qualitymonitoringequipmentcombinedwithindigenousimplementation.Keywords:waterquality,environmentalgoods,developingcountries,trade,China,India,Malaysia,ChineseTaipeiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThisresearchwascommissionedbytheOECDTradeDirectoratefromEnvironmentalBusinessInternationalfortheJointWorkingPartyonTradeandEnvironment’sworkprogrammeonenvironmentalgoodsandservices.InviewoftheinterestofthetopicfordiscussionsintheWTO’sCommitteeonTradeandEnvironment,thenotehasbeenissuedintheOECDTradeandEnvironmentWorkingPaperseriesinordertomaketheinformationmorewidelyavailable.Ithasbeende-classifiedontheresponsibilityoftheSecretary-General.ThereportisavailableontheOECDwebsiteinEnglishandFrenchatthefollowingURLaddresses:://:OECDPublications,2rueAndréPascal,75775ParisCedex16,France.COM/ENV/TD(2006)15/FINAL3BUILDINGCAPACITYTOMONITORWATERQUALITY:AFIRSTSTEPTOCLEANERWATERINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESDespitesomeprogressoverthelast15years,inadequatefreshwatersuppliesandthelackofsanitarywastewatersystemsplaguevastregionsandpopulationsoftheplanet.ThegrimstatisticswerehighlightedmostrecentlyattheFourthWorldWaterForuminMexicoCity.Approximately1.1billionpeoplelackconsistentaccesstocleandrinkingwater,while2.6billionpeoplesufferfrominadequatesanitation.Asaresult,diarrheadiseasesassociatedwithtaintedwaterandinadequatesanitationkill1.8millionpeopleannually,mostlychildren.1InAsiaalone,morethan650millionpeopledidnothaveaccesstosafedrinkingwaterin2002,accordingtoAsiaWaterWatch2015,areportcommissionedbytheAsianDevelopmentBanktomeasureprogresstowardthewaterqualitycomponentsoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs),whichaimtoreducebyhalfthenumberofpeoplelackingadequatewaterandsanitation.2AsunderscoredinstatementsissuedattheFourthWorldWaterForum,buildingthecapacityofcommunities,local,regionalandnationalgovernments,NGOsandfirmstomanageanddeliverwaterandsanitationservicesarekeychallengesinmeetingtheMDGsforwater.“Capacitydevelopmentisacornerstoneforsustainabledevelopment,hencedirectlyrelatedtotherealchancestoachievetheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsandreduceextremepoverty,”statestheWorldWaterCouncilinitsreportontheforum.3Whilecapacitybuildingencompassesfinancial,educationalandsocialgoals,thereisalsoatechnologicalelement,inwhichwaterqualitymonitoringandanalysisequipmentmustbedeployedonanincreasinglywidescaleindevelopingcountrieswherewatersupplyandwastewatertreatmentisinadequate.FOURCASESTUDIESJointventuresandcollaborationsbuildcapacitytomonitorandimprovewaterqualityThispaperexploresfourcasestudiesinwhichthewater-qualitymonitoringandprotectioncapacityindevelopingcountrieshasbeenimprovedthroughtheuseofimportedwater-qualitymonitoringequipmentcombinedwithindigenousimplementation.Thecasesstudiedincludeamixtureoffreshwatersupplyandwastewatertreatmentprogrammes,includingajointventurebetweenaChinesestategovernmententityandaprivateU.S.firm;ajointventurebetweenaMalaysianfirmandaCanadianfirm;atechnology1WorldWaterCouncil(2006)FactsandFigures.Availableat:=252Seetharam,KallidaikurichiEaswaran,JamesBartram,AnuradhaRajivanandNandaKraikiksh(2006)AsiaWaterWatch2015,AsianDevelopmentBank,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacificandWorldHealthOrganization.Availableat:(2006)MinisterialDeclaration.Availableat:=30COM/ENV/TD(2006)15/FINAL4demonstrationprojectforacollegeinInd