英美概况复习

题型及分数:I.Multiplechoice（共35题，每题1分）II.Judgments本大题10个判断题，每题2分,共20分III．Termexplanation本大题5个名词解释题，每题5分,共25分IV．Writing本大题2个论述题，共20分。※请注意：1.所有试卷都必须交给监考老师！2．所有答案全部写在答题纸（ANSWERSHEET）上，否则视为无效卷。3．试卷首页、答题纸（ANSWERSHEET）上都必须填写姓名、学号等。选择题请主要参考教材和课件知识点TheCommonwealthofNationsOliverCromwellTheSupremeCourtofUSAtheHundredYears’WarMinistersareappointedbythequeenontherecommendationoftheDeclarationofIndependencetheAmericanCivilWarthemainagriculturalcropsofeachpartofUSAElementaryandsecondaryeducationintheU.Scovers12yearsforages6through18,Allthestateshavelawsthatrequirechildrentogotoschool,generallyuntiltheageof16,unlesstheyareseverelyhandicapped.TheCapitolHillWashingtonD.C.theancestorsoftheEnglishandthefoundersofEnglandCockneyismHeptarchytheBritishandAmericaneducationalsystemstheGloriousRevolutiontheGreatLakesRegionthepoliticalpartiesinUKandUSAtheChurchofEnglandWhigs;ToriesEllisIslandWASPsTheNorthAtlanticDriftthePeasantUprisingtheAmericanleadingcenterofheavyindustrychecksandbalancesTerms:ThatcherismThatcherismreferredtothepoliciesputforwardbyMargaretThatcher,thefirstwomanprimeministerinEnglandin1979.Themaincontentsofherpoliciesincludedthereturntoprivateownershipofstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakeningoftradeunionsthestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.TosomeextentherprogramwassuccessfulandsheledoneofthemostremarkableperiodsintheBritisheconomy.TheGloriousRevolutionIn1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestantking,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.ThiswasknownastheGloriousRevolution.theNormanConquest:TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfisticatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.AConstitutionalMonarchyTheUnitedKingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchy:theheadofStateisakingoraqueen.Inpractice,theSovereignreigns,butdoesnotrule:theUnitedKingdomisgoverned,inthenameoftheSovereign,byHisorHerMajesty’sGovernmentabodyofMinisterswhoaretheleadingmembersofwhicheverpoliticalpartytheelectoratehasvotedintooffice,andwhoareresponsibletoParliament.Themonarchyistheoldestinstitutionofgovernment,goingbacktoatleastthe9thcentury.Thecontinuityofthemonarchyhasbeenbrokenonlyoncewhen,between1649and1660,arepublicwasestablished.awelfarestate:Thewelfarestateisasystemofgovernmentbywhichthestateprovidestheeconomicandsocialsecurityofitscitizensthroghitsorganizationofhealthservices,pensionsandotherfacilities.MartinLutherKing:MartinLutherKingwasablackminister,whobecameagrestleaderofthecivilrightsmovementinthe1950sand60s.Heledover250000AmericansonamarchinWashingtonD.C.tofightforthecivilrightslawtoguranteeequalityforallpeopleanddeliveredhisbest-knownspeech“IHaveaDream”.ThushewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforpeacein1964.Buthewastragicallymurderedfouryearslater.theNATOTheNorthAtlanticTreaty,signedonApril4,1949,providedthatanattackonanyofthepartiestothetreatywouldberegardedasanattackonall,andforce,ifnecessary,wouldbeusedtorestoreandmaintainpeaceandsecurity.TheWarofIndependenceThe13AmericancoloniesrevoltedagainsttheirBritishrulersin1775.ThewarbeganonApril19,whenBritishregularsfiredontheMinutemenofLexington,Mass.ThefightingendedwiththesurrenderoftheBritishatYorktownonOct.19,1781.GreatBritainsignedaformaltreatyrecognizingtheindependenceofthecolonies.theNewDealitwasputforwardbyAmericanPresidentRooseveltwhowantedtodosomethingtodealwiththeGreatDepressionatthattime.ItpassedalotofNewDeallawsandsetupsomeefficientsocialsecuritysystems.TheNewDealhelpedto“saveAmericandemocracy”andtoovercomethemostseriouseconomiccrisisofthecapitalistsystemuptothattime.MagnaCartaThisisamedievalLatinnamemeaning“GreatCharter”.In1215,KingJohnwasforcedbyagroupoffeudalbaronsandtheChurchtograntthemacharteroflibertyandpoliticalrights.MagnaCartaplacedsomelimitsontheking’sabilitytoabusehisroyalpower.ThisisstillregardedasBritain’skeyexpressionoftherightsofcitizensagainsttheCrown.TheBlackDeathTheBlackDeathisthemodernnamegiventothedeadlyepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleasacrossEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348.ItreducedEngland'spopulationfromfourmilliontotwomillionbytheendofthe14thcentury.TheindustrialRevolution(1780-1830)referstothemechanisationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturiesTheHundredYears'WarItreferstothewarbetweenEnglandandFrancethatlastedintermittentlyfrom1337to1453.Thecausesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.TheterritorialcauseswererelatedwiththepossessionbytheEnglishkingsofthelargeduchyinFrance.Theeconomiccauseswereconnecte