词汇学第4讲Word Formation

.LectureFourWordFormationStonehengeContents4GeneralRemark1235Compounding复合法Derivation(Affixation)派生法Conversion转化法Shortening(Abbreviation)缩略法6Onomatopoeia拟声法Backformation逆生法I.GeneralRemarks40%30%25%词素mor-pheme自由词素freemorpheme自由词根freeroot粘附词素boundmorpheme粘附词根boundroot词缀affix屈折词缀(只有后缀，不生成新词)inflectionalaffix派生词缀(前缀、后缀，生成新词)derivativeaffix词word(此外，还有缩略词)单纯词simpleword单一自由词素freemorpheme构成如take,come,back,red,man等复合词compoundword自由复合词freecompound（两个或两个以上自由词根构成）comeback粘附复合词boundcompound（两个或两个以上粘附词根构成）anthropocentric(人类中心说的)由两个粘附词根构成“anthropo-(人，人类)”和“-centric(以…为中心的)”派生词derivativeword自由派生词freederivativeword（自由词根+词缀构成）mistake，unmistakable粘附派生词boundderivativeword（粘附词根+词缀构成）exceed，proceedContents4GeneralRemark1235Compounding复合法Derivation(Affixation)派生法Conversion转化法Shortening(Abbreviation)缩略法6Onomatopoeia拟声法Backformation逆生法II.Derivation(Affixation)Derivation(派生法),alsoknownasaffixation(词缀法):aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.Afreederivativewordismadeupofafreerootandaboundaffix(自由派生词:自由词根+词缀构成)E.g.worker,unmistakable.Aboundderivativewordismadeupofaboundrootandaboundaffix(粘附派生词:粘附词根+词缀构成)E.g.exceed，proceed.(1)Wordroots1)Derivation(派生法)ag,act做，驱动agent剂;aglaciation冰川加强作用agitate搅拌;aggravate恶化;actuate开动activate激活;activator催化剂;accelerator促凝剂agr农agriculture;agrarian田地的；agrogeochemistryagrology土壤学;agrotechnique农业技术agroclimate农业气候;agroeconomics农业经济学agrohydrology农业水文学;agronomy农学agro-ecosystem农业生态系统;agrobiology农业生物学astro星astronomy天文学;astronaut宇航员astrobiology天体生物学;astrodynamics飞行动力学astrochemistry天体化学;astrograph天体摄影仪audi听audiolocator声波定位器;audible听得见的；audienceaudiphone助听器;autiometer声波计；auditoriumbio生命，生物antibiotic抗生素;biogeochemistry生物地球化学biophage噬细胞体;biofacies生物相bioengineering生物工程;bioherm生物岩礁carn肉carnaldesire肉欲;carnalism肉欲主义cannibal食人族；carnival狂欢节scribe,script写describe，description描写；descriptive描述性的prescribe,prescription规定;开处方inscribe题记;铭记;inscription题词;铭文transcribe誊写;转录；transcription录音文字材料postscript附笔，又及;scripture经文scribble潦草地写;indescribable难以言状的manuscript手稿;script手迹；脚本carnation康乃馨;肉色的;carnivore肉食动物cede,ceed,cess走proceed;precede；preceding;concession让步recede后退;recession萧条；access;accessiblecent百；中心centibar中心杆;concentrate;concentration浓度ecentricity离心力;偏心度;acentric无中心的adjacent相邻的;centrifuge离心机；centisecondcentralizer扶正器;centrosphere地核centimeter;centigrade百分度，摄氏的；percentagecentrosymmetric中心对称的;centripetal向心的excentralization偏心;deconcentration稀释precedent先例,unprecedented史无前例的;exceedsucceed,succession,successor;antecedentcede割让；concession让步；租界；intercede调停cide,cis杀，切bactericide杀菌剂;precision精密；precise精确的concise简明的;scissors剪刀；patricide弑父；ma~pesticide杀虫剂;insecticide杀虫剂；suicide自杀circ环，圆circuit线路;circulate循环circular环形的;circumference圆周cord心circuity电路图；迂回;circumstance情况encirclement包围；圈闭;excircle外圆coregraph岩心图;corer取芯管;coring取芯(心)magicore高频铁粉芯;coringtool取芯器cyber网络cybercrime;cyberspace;cyberbar;cybercafecyber-culture;cybereconomy;cyber-securitycyberterrorism;cyberspeak网络语言cycl圆，环cyclopentane环戊烯;cyclone旋风;recycle再循环cycloid旋轮;cyclograph圆规;cyclotron回旋duc,duct引导monocycle独轮车;cyclosis胞质环流;cyclose环化酶deduce推理，演绎;induce归纳,诱导;conductor导体photoconduction光诱导;conductivity传导率transduction转导;oviduct输卵管;reduction还原flu流fluid流体;influenza;flu;flutter飘动;fluctuate波动flush脸红；冲水；奔涌;flux流量；reflux回流；fluentfluorescent荧光的；effluent外流的；refluent回流的fract,frag破，折fracture断裂；fragile易碎的；fractograph断口组织fragment碎片；fraction部分;分数；refraction折射fus倾，注，溶化diffraction衍射;refractedangle折射角fuse；fusion熔解；聚变；fusant融合体;fusee引线effuse泻出;fusogenicagent融合剂；fusogen融合剂diffusion扩散；transfusion输血；输液gen起源gene；generator发电机；catagenesis退化;gendergenitalsystem生殖系统;geneticcode遗传密码genetics遗传学；genome基因组，染色体;genius天才geo地球，土地regeneration再生；congenital先天性的；antigen抗原degeneration退化；pathogen病原体；homogeneitygeology地质学;geosciences;geophone检波器geophysics地球物理；geomagnetic地磁的geometry几何学;biogeochemical生物地球化学的geobotany地植物学；geothermal地热的;geographygeotectonics构造地质学；geoelectricity大地电gram,graph写，记录diagram图表；program节目单,程序;programmerpolarogram极谱图;chromatogram色谱图spectrogram波谱图；electrocardiogram心电图electroencephalogram脑电图；histogram柱状图photography照相；aerograph高空气象计geography；telegraph；astrograph天体摄影仪oceanographicsurvey海洋调查;pantograph缩放仪topographiccondition地形条件;autograph亲笔签名chromatograph色谱；meteorograph气象记录仪barogram气压记录表；idiogram[植]核型模式图epigram格言，隽语；hologram全息图；grammarcalligraphy书法；lexicography辞典编撰学gress行走progress进步；retrogressvi.后退;regression回归transgression海侵；degression下降，递减；progressive连续的;retrogressiveevolution后退演化insul岛peninsula半岛;insulation隔绝，绝缘，隔热，防潮insulator绝缘体；insulatingstrength绝缘强度ject投，掷，抛heat-insulatedpipe绝热管；insulant绝缘材料insularshelf岛架；insularslope岛坡eject弹出，射出；project投射；inject/injection注射injector注射器；projector;jet;reject否决；objecthydra,hydro水hydraulic水利的;hydrant消防栓;hydrodrill水力钻具hydroacousticnoise水下噪声;hydrogen氧hydroblasting水力清砂;hydrocarbon烃，碳氢化合物hydration水合作用；dehydration脱水hydrotherapy水疗；carbonhydrate碳水化合物hydrology水文学；hydrosphere水圈hydraulicmotor液压马达；hydrograph湿度计annualring年轮；perennialflow常年流量hydrolysis水解(作用)；hydropic水肿的，浮肿的ann，enn年annual一年的;centennial一世纪的;annuity年金anniversar