换热技术从大型化向微小化的发展

:2005-01-11;:2005-06-30:(1977-),,,.:1001-2060(2005)05-0447-08周帼彦,涂善东(华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,上海200237):在分析传统换热器结构特点的基础上,具体分析了目前常用紧凑式换热器的结构性能及应用情况,阐述了微型化学(化工)机械系统的发展及应用情况以氨冷器为例,分别进行了板翅式换热器和另一种高效的小型换热装置热管换热器的设计,表明板翅式换热器具有更加高效的换热效率和紧凑的结构,由此综合说明了换热技术从大型化向紧凑化微小化发展的必然趋势进一步以典型的微型化换热器装置微通道换热器微通道蒸发器和微通道加热器为例,具体分析了微型换热技术广阔的应用前景:;;;;(MCMS);;:TK17:A1,,,,[1~3],Sandia[4],(PNNL)[5],[6],,,,,,,,,30%,[7],,,2,,,U,,,,,:1200MW,5.4109kJh,220106m3h,13104m3h,1.5105m2,,,20520059JOURNALOFENGINEERINGFORTHERMALENERGYANDPOWERVol.20,No.5Sep.,2005,,,,,,,,,[8],,,,,,,[9]:(1),,,,(2),,,,(3),,,,,,,,,[10](4),,3~5m,,,25,;,(5),,,,3,,,,,,3.1[11~12]1923,,,,0.02~4.45m2,2500m2,3500~7500W(m2K),3500~5000m3h,6m3(321),12.7m3(18005000),,,80%,,,ALFALAVAL3.2[13]2030,(MarstonExcelsior),,,2060,,,,,,,,4482005,,3.3[14~15]Rosemblad1930,,,,,,,,,,3,,,,;;,2MPa300~400,,,3.4[16],,(TheGeneralMotorsCorporation,Ohio,USA)R.S.Gaugler1944[17],1965Cotter[18],,,,;,,,;,,,,,,,,,U,4,,(MEMS),,()(MCMS)(),,,,()(),,(),(),,;,,[19](),,,,[20~22],4495,:图1各种复杂机械表面,,,4[23~24]:(1)IC:(IC),,;IC,,,,(2)(LIGA):1986EhrfeldXLIGA:,LIGAX;LIGA,;X(3),EDM(4),,;,,1,,,,2,,图2微化学机械系统中的槽道板和迭层结构,630,920,(200)MEMS[25],,,,,4502005,,,,,5,,,,[26~27],,5.1,70,,,,,,,,jf,,,,,2080,,,1995(PFECAD)[28],,,,,,2080,1.2m1.2m6m,8.0MPa,12,,,,35MPa[29];[30],;,1000,,1,,[31]5.2,,,,4515,:图4各种换热器面积密度及水力直径的比较图5各种换热器单位体积换热量的比较图3微槽道换热器结构1()kgs1()()()MPa0.1721.645023400.10.10.1721.645023400.10.1()kPakW()m2m3kWm-3kg129.2(0.23+0.41)(0.59+0.96)LF2+316L60.32+111.67(34.31+8.82)(25.06+19.60)0.021+0.0182872.4(LF2)6203.9(316L)57.76+142.265.11380.984.6520g+Q235A498105.5264.94.18119.1912119.8500m[32],3,,,[33],10~15kW(m2K),30~35kW(m2K);(4)[34],,5(5)[35~36];,40,[37],;,,,,(10~30kW(cm2K))(100Wcm2)(80%)()1999PNNL(PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory)[38],9cm10cm38cm,1.8kg(6),260mLmin,50kWPNNL2,,,,[39],45220052VL0.3510110mkg1.8227.5,s~Wcm-311.50.1~1.010,,,,3kW%kWm3kWkg1kW$11.2~35.280~852.510450.025~0.0523.4~44.076~940.88102~4.551020.26~1.670.019~0.05图6微通道燃料蒸发器图7微通道加热器(7)[40],100~200m,,0.2kg,110,110,30W,,8h2020kW,,45%3,,6,,,(),[41~43],,:[1],.[J].,2003,54(4):421-439.[2].[J].,1996,34(2):4-5.[3],,.[J].,2002,13(7):592-596.[4]EPSTEINAH,SENTURIASD.Macropowerfrommicromachinery[J].Science,1997,276(5316):1211.[5]BRENCHLEYDL,WEGENGRS,DROSTMK.Developmentofmicrochemicalandthermalsystems[EBOL].http:[6]SPADACCINICM,MEHRAA,LEEJ,etal.Highpowerdensitysiliconcombustion4535,:systemsformicrogasturbineengines[J].ASMEJournalofEngineeringforGasTurbinesandPower,2003,125(3):709-719.[7],.[J].,2000,27(6):347-351,346.[8]TUCKERMANDB,PEASERFW.Optimizedconvectivecoolingusingmicromachinedstructure[J].JournalofElectrochemicalSociety,1982,129(3):98.[9].[M].:,1986.[10],,,.[J].,2001,30(1):18-20.[11].[J].,1997,14(2):56-62.[12]REPPICHM.Useofhighperformanceplateheatexchangersinchemicalandprocessindustries[J].InternationalJournalofThermalScience,1999,38(12):999-1008.[13].[M].:,1984.[14]ASTANOVSKIHDL,ASTANOVSKIHLZ.Newdesignofheatexchanger[J].KhimicheskoeINeftegazovoeMashinostroenie,2003(4):13-15.[15]HOJC,WIJEYSUNDERANE.Studyofacompactspiral-coilcoolinganddehumidifyingheatexchanger[J].AppliedThermalEngineering,1996,16(10):777-790.[16],.[J].,2002,29(3):33-35.[17]GAUGLERS.Heattransferdevice[P].USPatent:2350348,1944-04.[18]COTTERTP.Theoryofheatpipes[R].NewMexico:LosAlamosNationalLaboratoryReportno.LA-3246-MS,TheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAlamos,1965.[19].-[J].,2000,22(2):57-61.[20]GILLOTC,BRICARDA,SCHAEFFERC.Single-andtwo-phaseheatexchangersforpowerelectroniccomponents[J].InternationalJournalofThermalSciences,2000,39(9):826-832.[21]NARAYANANSP,VENKATARATHNAMG.Analysisofperformanceofheatexchangersusedinpracticalmicrominiaturerefrigerators[J].Cryogenics,1999,39:517-527.[22],.[J].,1974,17(4):6-11.[23].[J].,1996,34(2):4-5.[24],.[J].,2000,11(z1):8-10.[25]MARTINPM,MATSONDW,BENNETTWD.Microfabricationmethodsformicrochannelreactorsandseparationssystems[J].ChemicalEngineeringCommunications,1999,173:245-254.[26]HADFIELDP,FITZPATRICKM.Mininuclearreactorcouldpowerapartmentblocks[EBOL].http:=dn1186,2001-08-22.[27]PARRISHA.GermanylaunchessubmarinefuelcellerawithU31[EBOL].http:[28],,.CAD[J].,1997,27(6):57-59.[29]SHAHRK.Compactheatexchangertechnologyandapplications,heatexchangerengineering[M].EditbyFounmenyEA,HeggsPJ.London:EllisHorwoodLimited,1991.[30].[J].,2002,25(12):61.[31].[R].:,2004.[32]TONGJ,NAKAJIMAM,NABETANIH,etal.Productionofoil-in-watermicrospheresusingastainlesssteelmicrochannel[J].JournalofColloidandInterfaceScience,2001,237(2):239-248.[33]GUIF,SCARINGERP.Enhancedheattransferintheentranceregionofmicrochannels[A].Proceedingsofthe30thIntersocietyEnergyConversionEngineeringConference[C].NewYork:ASME,1995.289-294.[34]REAYDA.Compactheatexchangers,enhancementandheatpumps[J].InternationalJournalofRefrigeration,2002,25(4):460-470.[35].[M].:,1988.[36]INSTITUTEFOR