自考英语词汇学(笔记)

Chapter1BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：词和词汇的定义和区别，考生应该弄清楚声音与意义，声音与拼写之间的关系，掌握词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点。在历年考试中：常常以选择题和名词解释的形式对本章知识点进行考核。二、【知识串讲】重点知识锦集：1.Accordingtosemanticists（意义学家）,awordisaunitofmeaning.2.Thissymbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitrary,andthereis‘nologicalrelationshipsbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself’.3.Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency.4.Wordsmayfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion.5.Wordsmayfallintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.6.Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.7.‘allnationalcharacter’（全民性）themostimportantofallfeaturesthatmaydifferentiateiswordsofcommonusefromallothers.8.Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.9.Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,theyarealsocalledemptywords.9.TheEnglishlanguageisnotedfortheremarkablecomplexityandheterogeneityofitsvocabularybecauseofitsextensiveborrowings.10.Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloan-wordsunderfourclasses:Denizens,Aliens,Translation-loans,Semantic-loans.11.Thedifferencesbetweensoundandformareduetoinnovationsmadebylinguists.12.Ofallthefivecharacteristicslistedforthebasicwordstock,themostimportantisallnationalcharacter.（全民性）13.Contentwordsarechangingallthetimewhereasfunctionalwordsarestable.14.InOldEnglishtherewasmoreagreementbetweensoundandform.15.Awordisasymbolthatrepresentssomethingelseintheworld.16.Somewordsinthebasicwordsstockaresaidtobestablebecausetheyrefertothecommonestthingsinlife.17.Indifferentlanguage,thesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsoundsandthesamesoundcanshowdifferentmeanings.18.TheinternalreasonforthedifferencebetweensoundandformisthefactofmorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish.19.Nativewordsareneutralinstyleandfrequentinuse.20.Theexpressionof“longtimenosee”istranslation-loanamongthefourclassesofborrowings.名词解释：1.word(词):AwordisaminimalfreeformofaLanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.2.vocabulary（词汇）Theterm‘vocabulary’usedindifferentsenses.Notonlycanitrefer:istothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Wealsouseittorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisiciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.3.Jargon（专门术语）Itreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticular:arts,sciences,trades,andprofessions,communicateamongthemselves.4.Archaisms（古语词）:Archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.5.Neologisms（新词语）:Neologismsarenewlycreatedwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.6.borrowedwords（外来词）:Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.7.Deizens同化词）Deizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowareallassimilated（:intotheEnglishLanguage.8.Aliens（非同化词）:Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognisableasforeigninorigin.9.Translation-loans（译借词）:Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.10.Semantic-loans（借义词）:Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed.Inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage11.argot（黑话）:Itgenerallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.12.contentwords（实词）:Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsincludingnouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.13.terminology(术语):Terminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.14.nativewords（本族语）:Nativewords,alsoknownasAnglo-Saxonwords,arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermantribes.论述问答题：1.WiththedevelopmentoftheLanguage,whydomoreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweentheSoundandForm?答：ItisgenerallyagreedthatthewrittenformofanaturalLanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.ButwiththedevelopmentoftheLanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthem,thereasonsareasfollows:①.TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundintheLanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.②.Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.③.Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.④.Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.WhenEnglishborrowedwordsfromotherLanguages,itborrowedspellingaswell.2.Whataretheobviouscharacteristicsofthewordsofthebasicwordstock（基本词汇）?①.Allnationalcharacter.（全民性）②.Stability（稳定性）③.Productivity（多产性）④.Polysemy（多义性）⑤.Collocability（搭配性）Ofcourse,notallthewordsofthebasicwordstockhavethesecharacteristics.Pronounsandnumeralsenjoynation-wideuseandstability,butaresemanticallymonosemousandhavelimitedproductivityandcollocabi