11-English-literature-of-the-18th-century

EnglishLiteratureofthe18thCenturyContents•Politicalandeconomicbackground•Ideologicalbackground•Literaturecharacteristics•ImportantwritersPoliticalandeconomicbackground•FirmestablishmentofcapitalisminEngland•Compromisebetweenthearistocracy(Tory)andthebourgeoisie(Whig)•DevelopmentofIndustrialRevolution•RiseofEnglandasabigindustrialandcapitalistpower•Theoppressionofpeoplethroughenclosureofland•ConflictbetweentheoldaristocracytogetherwiththenewbourgeoisieandthemassesIdeologicalbackgroundAgeofEnlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment:aprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeinthe18thcenturyFurtheranceoftheRenaissanceinthe15th,16thcenturiesGiantsofEnlightenment:Montesquieu,Voltaire,RousseauIdeologicalbackgroundAgeofEnlightenment(启蒙运动)CharacteristicsStruggleofthenewlyrisingbourgeoisieagainsttheclassinequality,prejudices—survivalsoffeudalismadvocateuniversaleducationbelieveinpowerofreason—theAgeofReasonmanisbornkindandhonestLiteratureCharacteristics•Literatureisheavilydidacticandmoralizing,apopularmeansofpubliceducation;•Literaryform:poem;playmodernnovelGothicnovels(哥特式小说)—HoraceWalpole'sTheCastleofOtrantoLiterarytrends•neo-classicism(新古典主义)•realism•sentimentalism(感伤主义)&pre-romanticism(前浪漫主义)TheDevelopmentofLiteratureThefirst3decades:NeoclassicismandPoetry1740's-1750's:TheRiseofRealisticNovelsThelastfewyears:Sentimentalisminpoems,andnovels&Pre-romanticisminpoemsNeo-classicism(新古典主义)Neo-classicism(新古典主义)---AlexanderPope“Whateveris,isright”LiteratureshouldbemodeledaftertheclassicalworksofancientGreekandRomanwritersOrder,logic,restrainedemotion,accuracy,goodform,unifiedstructureEmphasisuponreasonServicetohumanityNeo-classicism(新古典主义)•New-classicistshavefixedlawsandrulesforalmosteverygenreofliterature.•Prose—precise,direct,smooth•Poetry—logical,lyrical•Drama—heroiccouplet,threeunities(time,placeandaction)Realism•Realism—themodernEnglishnovel•Naturalproductofthesocialandpoliticaldevelopment•ArealisticpresentationofthelifeofthecommonEnglishpeople&middleclass•Pioneers:DanielDefoe,SamuelRichardson,HenryFieldingSentimentalism(感伤主义)•Sentimentalism(感伤主义)Socialbackgroundofsentimentalism1.theEnlightenmentbegantodecline2.asaresultofthediscontentwiththesocialreality3.sentimentwasindulgedinasasortofreliefifnotasasolutiontothegrievesandheart-aches4.emphasisonsentimentasameansofachievinghappinessandsocialjusticeSentimentalism(感伤主义)•Literaryformsinsentimentalism•Poetry:WilliamCowper•Drama:RichardSteele(thetruefounderofsentimentalcomedy“TheLyingLover”,“TheConsciousLovers”)•Prosefictionandnovel:OliverGoldsmith'sTheVicarofWakefield;LawrenceSternePre-romanticism(前浪漫主义)•Pre-romanticism(前浪漫主义)i)shiftofinterestfromtheclassicalliterarytraditiontooriginalityandimagination,fromsocietytoindividualii)emphasisonpersonalthoughtsandfeelings,oftentriggeredbyobservationofnaturePre-romanticism(前浪漫主义)•Literatureformsofpre-romanticism1.Gothicnovel:novelsofterrorwhichemploymedievalbackgroundandcertaingloomysentiment,superstitioushorrorandmuchsupernaturalismrepresentativewriters:HoraceWalpole'sTheCastleofOtrantoandAnnRadcliff'sTheMysteriesofUdolpho2.poetry:twopre-romanticists:WilliamBlakeandRobertBurns•AnOverviewofthe18thLiteratureneoclassismrealismsentimentalismPre-romanticismWilliamCowper,RichardSteele,OliverGoldsmith，LawrenceSterneTherisingofthemodernnovelsPoetry,drama,novelGothicnovels;poetrypoetryDanielDefoeandHenryFieldingAlexanderPopeHoraceWalpole,AnnRadcliffRobertBurnsandWilliamBlakeDanielDefoe(1660-1731)•Lifestory:borninabutcher'sfamily(familynameFoe)welleducatedwithoutgoingtouniversityDanielDefoe(1660-1731)•Alegendarylife•Zestforbusiness•Zestforpolitics:wrotesomepoliticalpamphlets:“TheShortestWaywiththeDissenters,”“对待非国教徒的最简便方法”(1702)“HymntothePillory,”“枷刑颂”•Governmentsecretspy•••Writingcareer•Novelist•Pamphletwriter:TheShortestWaywiththeDissenters•Satiricalpoet:“AHymntothePillory”and“TheTrue-BornEnglishman”Writingcareer•Begantowritehisfirstnovel—RobinsonCrusoeatabout60•Fournovelsfollowed:CaptainSingleton《辛格尔顿船长》(1720),MollFlanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》(1722),ColonelJack《杰克上校》(1722),andRoxana《罗克萨娜》(1724):Defoe'sdeepconcernforthepoorandtheunfortunate.AJournalofthePlagueYear《大疫年纪事》(1722)quotations•Flanderssays:“VicecamealwaysattheDoorofNecessity,notattheDoorofInclination”•Roxanasays:“HonestyisoutofthequestionwhenStarvationistheCase”RobinsonCrusoe•3partsPartI:TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoePartII:TheFartherAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoePartIII:TheSeriousReflectionsDuringtheLifeandSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoeRobinsonCrusoe•RobinsonCrusoe—asailor,amerchant,aplantationownerandaslavetrader1.StartswithRobinson'srunningawayfromhome2.SettlesdowninBrazil3.Embarksonanothervoyage4.StormgetstheshipoffcourseandgetshimcastontheislandStoryofRobinsonCrusoe•Aftersleepinginatreeforanight,hebeginstomanagehislivelihoodontheisland•1.swimsbacktothewreckedshipandgetssomenecessities•2.createshisownenvironment:1)sheltersagainstwindandrain;2)defendsagainstthepossibleattacksofanimals;3)buildsahouse,growsbarleyandriceanddomesticatesanimals•3.encoun