9-Cohesive-Devices201206

Unit9&10Cohesion(I，II)Objectives•1.befamiliarwithlogicalconnectorswhichkeepthelogicalrelationshipbetweenoneideaandthenextidea;•2.knowhowtousegrammaticaldevicessuchasreference,substitution,andellipsistokeepdifferentsentencesandparagraphsofanessayincoherence;•3.knowhowtouselexicaldevicessuchasreiterationandcollocationtokeepdifferentsentencesandparagraphsofanessayincoherence.•Cohesion衔接语篇的有形网络•Coherence连贯语篇的无形网络•Inthissense,cohesionisthetiesthatmakecoherencepossible.•Ifwesaythatcoherenceisthelayoutoftherooms,thencohesionisthenails,joists(托梁),andstuds(大头钉)thatkeepthecoherenceintact.Cohesion:TheconceptwasputforwardbyM.A.K.Hallidayin1962.Inhisbook“CohesioninEnglish”(1976).把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的意义关系”（Halliday&Hasan,1976:4）。Halliday&Hasanclassifiedthecohesivedevicesinto2types:grammaticalcohesion,lexicalcohesionRequirements:▪Sentencesinaparagraphshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder;▪Thetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural;▪Thereaderfindsiteasytofollowthewrite’strainofthoughtandundersdandwhatheistalkingabout.WritingTechniquesCohesiveDevicesCohesiveDevices1.Logicalconnector2.Grammaticalcohesion3.Lexicalcohesion•TheFunctionofLogicalconnectors:•Logicalconnectorsreferto“surfacesignals”,whichprovidebridgesorlinksbetweenclauses,sentences,paragraphsandideas.•Gooduseoflogicalconnectorsmakesyourwritingsmoothratherthanchoppy.•Alogicalconnectorcanbeacoordinateconjunction,asubordinateconjunction,oratransition.I.LogicalConnectorsShowingsummaryShowingconcessionShowingidentityShowingspatialorderShowingtimeShowingemphasisShowingadditiontransitionsTransitions,themostcommonlyusedlogicalconnectors.grammaticalcohesionreferencesubstitutionellipsispersonalreferencedemonstrativereferencecomparativereferencenominalsubstitutionverbalsubstitutionclausalsubstitutionnominalellipsisverbalellipsisclausalellipsisII.GrammaticalCohesion1231.ReferenceDefinition:Usereferencewords,usuallypronounsthatpointbacktoanideamentionedpreviouslytotiesentencesandparagraphstogether.1.1PersonalReference（人称照应）•I,you,he,she,they,them…Your,his,her,their…Mine,his,hers,theirs…Eg:Thedoctorcamein.Helookedveryserious.1.2DemonstrativeReference(指示照应)Threetypes:•This,that,these(选择性名词性指示词)•The（定冠词）•Here,there（指示性副词）Errorexample:•Nowadays,somepeoplearegoingontoomuchweightbecausethelifestandardisrising.Andsomepeoplearelosingweightbecauseofhardwork.Butifyoufollowthesesteps,tokeepfitisnothingdifficult.Revised:•Nowadays,somepeoplearegoingontoomuchweightbecausethelifestandardisrising.Andsomepeoplearelosingweightbecauseofhardwork.Thenhowtokeepfitbecomesthefocusofpublicattention.Butifyoufollowthefollowingsteps,tokeepfitisnothingdifficult.1.3ComparativeReference（比较照应）•Wordslikesame,equal,such,other,etc.•eg:Tomgetstendollarsaweekforpocketmoney,andBobreceivesasimilaramount.Sixtypesofreferenceerrors:unstatedreference;Impliedreference;misplacedreference;doublereference;ambiguousreference;personshift.2.Substitution•Usingpro-formtosubstitutetheword,phrase,clauseandsentencethathaveappearedinthecontexttoconnectideas.•Aneffectivewaytoavoidredundency.•useone,ones,thesame,etc.tosubstituteanounoranounphrase.•eg:“Pig”inEnglishmeanssomebodywhoisunpleasantinsomeway,anditsmeaninginChineseisthesame.2.1NominalSubstitution•usetheworddotosubstituteaverboraverbphrase.eg:Iassistthelibraryeverydayduringtheweek,butIcan’tdoonweekendsbecauseIhavetogohome.2.2VerbalSubstitution•usewordslikeso,not,etc.tosubstituteaclause.•eg:IthinkIcanfixittomorrow.Ifso,youcancomeatthreeo’clocktomorrow.2.3ClausalSubstitutionIncorrectsubstitution:•Whenusingpro-forms,thewritershouldfirstcarefullyexaminewhatistheword,phrase,orclausethatappearsinthepreviousclauseorsentence,andthendecidewhichpronoun,verborclauseissuitableforsubstitution.Otherwise,confusioninsteadofprecisionwillarise.Errors•IamstudyingactingbecauseIwanttobecomeone.•Whatdoesonesubstitute?•Correctform:•IamstudyingactingbecauseIwanttobecomeanactor.Errors...iftheydoasthepeopleinTVdo,theymayhurtothersandthemselves.Whatdoesdosubstitute?Revised:...iftheyblindlyfollowtheactionsofthosecharactersonTV,theymayhurtothersaswellasthemselves.3.Ellipsis•Somewordsareleftoutofasentencebutthemeaningshouldstillbeunderstood.•Avoidrepetition.•Whenusingellipsis,thewriterneedstobeverycarefulwhereawordcanbeleftout,andwhenallthewordsshouldbepresent.Carelessellipsiswouldgiverisetoambiguityofmeaning.Forexample:Error•Unclear:Nowyouunderstandthesignificanceofthisevent,butMr.Smithhasn’trealizedɸ.•(Theellipticalpartcanbeeitheryouunderstandthesignificanceofthiseventorthesignificanceofthisevent.)•Clear:•Nowyouunderstandthesignificanceofthisevent,butMr.Smithhasn’trealizedthefact/it.III.LexicalCohesion•Usinglexicalcohesivedevicesisanotherwaytohelpstrengththecoherenceofwriting.•Itisnotsovisibleastransitionsandgrammaticaldevices.•Itisveryimportantandusefultoclarifyforreaderstherelationshipsamongideasinapieceofwriting.•Lexicalcohesionreferstotheroleplayedbytheselectionofvocabularyinorganizingrelationswithinatext,bytheuseofrepetition,synonyms,antonyms,superordinates/hyponyms,generalwords,andrelatedwords.•Weorg