英语文体学Chapter3Surface-StructureDeviation解析

EnglishStylisticsChapter3Surface-StructureDeviationSurface-StructureDeviationPhonologicalDeviation1SyntacticDeviation3LexicalDeviation4GraphologicalDeviation23.1PhonologicalDeviationFeaturesatthephonologicallevelfunctionmorebybeingoverregularratherthanbeingdeviant,sincetheybelongtothesurface-structureoftheEnglishlanguage.ForExample?3.1PhonologicalDeviation3.1.1OmissionAphesisSyncopeApocopeOmission3.1PhonologicalDeviationAphesisreferstotheomissionofaninitialpartofaword.E.g.Thouonwhosestream,’midthesteepsky’scommotion,Loosecloudslikeearth’sdecayingleavesareshed.(P.B.Shelley,OdetotheWestWind)3.1.1Omission—Aphesisamid3.1PhonologicalDeviationSyncopereferstotheomissionofamedialpartofaword.E.g.Avoicesothrillingne’erwasheardInspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,BreakingthesilenceoftheseasAmongthefarthestHebrides.(Wordsworth,TheSolitaryReaper)3.1.1Omission—Syncopenever3.1PhonologicalDeviationApocopereferstotheomissionofafinalpartofaword.E.g.Tilla’theseasgangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwi’thesunIwilllovetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandso’lifeshallrun.(RobertBurns,ARed,RedRose)3.1.1Omission—Apocopeallwithof3.1PhonologicalDeviationTheomissionsareconventionalmeansforthesakeofsoundpatterns.Itmakeseasierforpoetstoarrangetherhymesandmetersinpoems.3.1.1Omission3.1PhonologicalDeviationTheuseofmispronunciationandsubstandardpronunciationmayhelptovividlydescribeacharacter.Andsubstandardlanguageisperceivedasmoreforceful,moredirectinexpressionforstandardlanguageisperceivedasmorecivilized,moreeducatedthanthesubstandardone,andsometimesmoreindirect.3.1.2Mispronunciation&Sub-StandardPronunciation3.1PhonologicalDeviationE.g.Dickens,OliveTwistMr.Bumbleporochial→parochial牧区的blackin’-bottle→blacking-bottle’prentice→apprentice’em→themantimonial→antinomian反对遵从律法的3.1.2Mispronunciation&Sub-StandardPronunciation3.1PhonologicalDeviationE.g.T.Dreiser,SisterCarrieAnoldIrishwomanye→youmurthering→murderingdivil→devilthafe→thief3.1.2Mispronunciation&Sub-StandardPronunciation3.1PhonologicalDeviationE.g.C.Maclnnes,AbsoluteBeginnersAngangmember‘Arvemoved,’hesaid,‘Darnear/.’→‘I’vemoved,’hesaid,‘downhere.’3.1.2Mispronunciation&Sub-StandardPronunciation3.1PhonologicalDeviationForconvenienceofrhyming,thepoetmaygivespecialpronunciationtocertainwords.E.g.Thetrumpetofaprophecy!O,Wind,Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?(P.B.Shelly.OdetotheWestWind)3.1.3SpecialPronunciationInthispoem,thenounwind/wind/ispronouncedliketheverb‘wind’/waind/torhymewithbehind.3.1PhonologicalDeviationSome19thcenturypoetsplacedwordstressinunusualplaces.E.g.'baluster→bal'uster3.1.4ChangeofStressAphesisSyncopeApocopeOmissionExercisesAsfarremovedfromGodandlightofHeavenAsfromthecenterthricetoth’utmostpole.Ohowunliketheplacefromwhencetheyfell!Therethecompanionsofhisfall,o’erwhelmedWithfloodsandwhirlwindsoftempestuousfire.(JohnMilton,ParadiseLost)theoverwhelmedApocopeSyncopeExercisesMyLordBassanio,lethimhavethering:Lethisdeservings,andmylovewithal,Bevalued’gainstyourwife’scommandment.(WilliamShakespeare,MerchantofVenice)againstAphesis3.2GraphologicalDeviationGraphologymeanstheencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.GraphologicalDeviationcanoccurinanysub-areaofgraphology,suchastheshapeoftext,thetypeofprint,grammetrics,punctuation,andindentation,etc.语法韵律学3.2GraphologicalDeviationTheshapeofapieceofliterarywork,especiallyapoem,canbedesignedinanunconventionalwaysothatitmaybesuggestiveofacertainliterarytheme.3.2.1ShapeofText3.2GraphologicalDeviationExample1R.Draper,TargetPractice3.2GraphologicalDeviationExample2AChristmasTreeStarIfyouareAlovecompassionate,Youwillwalkwithusthisyear,Wefaceaglacialdistance,whoarehereHuddledAtyourfeet(W.S.Burford)3.2GraphologicalDeviationExample33.2GraphologicalDeviationExample43.2GraphologicalDeviationExample5Helungesforthestairs,swingsdown-off,IntothesunforhisEastereggs,Onverynearlysteadylegs(EdwinMorgan,GoodFriday)InthispoemthepoetdescribesasceneofgoingdownthestairsintothesunfortheEastereggs.Thelinesofthepoetryimitatetheshapeofthestairs.Theformatisindicativeofthemeaning.3.2GraphologicalDeviationExample6L(aleaffalls)onelinessThevisualeffectofthispoemisobvious.Thelinesofpoetryimitatethefallingofaleafinlateautumn,whichissuggestiveofthemeaningof‘loneliness’.3.2GraphologicalDeviation“grasshopper”“who”“as”“we”“look”“up”“now”“gathering”“into”“a”“the”“leaps”“arriving”“to”“rearrangely”“become”Example73.2GraphologicalDeviationTheinterpretationofthistypeofpoetrydependsmuchonwhatthepoemlookslike.3.2.1ShapeofText3.2GraphologicalDeviationLiterarywritersalsochoosetoexpresstheirideasbymanipulatingthetypeofprintsuchasitalics,boldprint,capitalizationanddecapitalization.3.2.2TypeofPrint3.2GraphologicalDeviationExample13.2GraphologicalDeviationE.g.2MeupatdoesoutofthefloorquietlyStareapoisonedmousestillwhoaliveisaskingwhathaveidonethatYouwouldn’thave(E.E.Cummings)SyntacticDeviationGraphologicalDeviationFreeDirectSpeech3.2GraphologicalDeviationE.g.2apoisonedmousewhostillalivedoesStarequietlyoutofthefloorupatMeisaskingwhathaveidonethatYouwouldn’thave(E.E.Cummings)3.2Gra