The-one-against-the-many

TheOneAgainsttheManyPartⅦ(Paras20-22)Thisistheconcludingpart.Theauthorsumsuptheconflictofourtimes.Heanalysesthegoalofideologistandthegoaloffreemen,leadingtotheconclusionthatthe“many”shouldbethechoice.1.(Para.20)Surelythebasicconflictofourtimesispreciselytheconflictbetweenthosewho….accordingtodiversetraditions,values,andpurposesofdiversepeople.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthebasicconflictofourtime?Theauthorthinksthatthebasicconflictistheconflictbetweentheoneandthemany.InChina,Theconflictbetweentheliberationofthoughtandtheshacklesofoutdatedconcepts,policiesandsystemsisstillgoingon.Thatiswhythereporttothe16thPartyCongresspointsoutthatcreativenessisthesoulofnationalprogressandtheinexhaustiblesourceofdevelopmentandprosperity.Thereportfurtherstatesthatasthereisnolimittopracticeandexperiment,sothereisnolimittocreativeness.Thisisthelawofsocialprogress.Andeverythinghastobetestedbypractice.2.predestine:determinedbeforehande.g.•Manwaspredestinedtohavefreewill.•Noonepredestinesyourday-to-daylifeanddecisions.Forexample,noonepredestinatesyourcareer--whetheryouwillbeadoctor,alawyer,anIndianchief,orwhatever....1.(Para.21)Ideologistsareafraidofthefreeflowofideas,evenofdeviantideaswithintheirownideology.Whydoideologistspreventfreeflowofideas?TheysincerelythinktheyhavetheonlyTruthinhand,whichisall-embracingandall-explanatory,sothereisnoneedforafreeflowofideas.ForthosewhoclaimtoknowtheTruth,theyareafraidoffreeflowingofideasbecausetheirruleisbuiltonindoctrinationanddeception.Afreeflowofideasmaybringtolightthefallibilityoftheirtruth.2.(Para.21)Theirobjectiveremainsthatofmakingtheworldoverintheimageof…buttheonlycertaintyinanabsolutesystemisthecertaintyofabsoluteabuse.•Theonlythingthatissureofadespoticsystemisitsunrestrictedexerciseofpower.•----Theyaimattransformingtheworldinaccordancewiththeirideologywhichisauthoritativeintheireyes.•----absoluteabuse:absoluteabuseofpower;“Powercorrupts.Absolutepowercorruptsabsolutely”•----Theonlythingthatissureofadespoticsystemistheunrestrictedexerciseofpower.然而对一个专制制度来说，我们唯一可以确定的便是它绝对会滥用权力3.deviant-markedlydifferentfromanacceptednorm(≈abnormal)e.g.•Heistroubledbyhisdeviantdesires.•Someyoungpeoplearegettingusedtothedeviantlifestyle.4.(Para.21)Theirobjectiveremainsthatofmakingtheworldoverintheimageoftheirdogmaticideology.Thegoalisamonolithicworld,organizedontheprincipleofinfallibility---buttheonlycertaintyinanabsolutesystemisthecertaintyofabsoluteabuse.•Theirobjectiveremainsthatofmakingtheworldoverintheimageoftheirdogmaticideology.Theyaimattransformingtheworldinaccordancewiththeirideology.Thegoalisamonolithicworld,organizedontheprincipleofinfallibility…monolithicworld:aworldidentifiedinallpartsoftheprincipleofinfallibility:dogmaticideology•Theonlycertaintyinanabsolutesystemisthecertaintyofabsoluteabuse.Theonlythingthatissureofadespoticsystemistheunrestrictedexerciseofpower(whichleadstocorruptionortyranny)therepetitionof“certainty”and“absolute”andthebalancestructurelendforcetotheideaPara.22Intheconcludingpart,theauthorcontraststheworstcaseofideologywiththeopenness,sensibilityoffreemen.Inpresentingideology,theauthorwritesinahighlycriticalway.Theeffectisdevastating.Inthisway,heachieveshispurpose,thatis,makingthereadersseethatpragmatismisthebetterchoice.1.(Para.22)Freemenknowmanytruths,buttheydoubtwhetheranymortalmanknowstheTruth.TheTruthreferstotheabsolutetruth自由人掌握许多具体的真理,但他们认为没有一个凡人能终极真理,或掌握绝对真理.2.(Para.22)Theirreligiousandtheirintellectualheritagejoininleadingthem….tomistakehimselfforGod.•ChristianteachingstressesoriginalsinandfallibilityofMan.WesternphilosophyholdsthatthenatureofManisfallenandflawed.•Man,withhisflawandblackness,couldnotbemistakenforGod;ifthat,itisthegreatestabsurdity.TheybelievethatthereisnogreaterdelusionthanformantomistakehimforGod:thegreatestdelusion(afalsebelief,thestateofbeingdeceivedormisled)isformantomistakehimforGod.他们认为对一个人来说,在也没有比把自己当作神更荒唐的了.Itiscertainlytrue.ItmightremindyouoflateChairmanMaowhodeludedhimselfasinfalliblegodofChinesepeople.•Howtrueisthestatement?Whatdoesitremindsyouof?ChairmanMaocult3.(Para.22)Thedistinctivehumantriumph,intheirjudgment,liesinthecapacitytounderstandthefrailtyofhumanstrivingbuttostrivenonetheless.•Themostoutstandingachievementofhumanityistheyknowthatnomaterhowhardtheytry,theycannotachieveAbsoluteTruth,yettheycontinuetomakegreateffortsandrefusetogiveup.•TheinsistenceonOneTruthisunwise;butthespiritofperseveranceinpracticeisnecessaryandbeneficialoncethegoalisrationallyandclearlyset.•Intheconcludingpart,theauthorcontraststheworstcaseofideologywiththeopenness,sensibilityoffreemen.Inpresentingideology,theauthorwritesinahighlycriticalway,showingthealarminglydevastatingresultofstickingtoideology.Incontrast,hepraisestheunremitting(不懈的)effortsoffreemen.Inthisway,heachieveshispurpose,i.e.makingthereadersseethatpragmatismisthebetterchoice.BriefSummaryThroughthewholetext,wecometoknowtheauthor‘sviewpoint,thatis:“pragmatismasthekeyfactorwhichcontributedtotherapiddevelopmentoftheU.S.”and“thenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureoftheso