Lesson-Five-The-One-Against-the-Many

LessonFiveTheOneAgainsttheManyHighlights•Writtentime•Firstsettlers•Theeconomicandsocialchallenges•Onefactorwasthedeepfaithineducation•Self-government•representativeinstitutions•Cooperativeactivity•Ideology,hedgehogs,foxes•JohnCalvin(1509-1564)Highlights•SkepticismKeynesianeconomics•Keynesianeconomics•Jefferson1743–1826•Whatiswrongwithideology?•privateandpublicmeans•overloadedwords•Whatismixedeconomy?religiousandtheirintellectualheritagePartI•Openingparagraph:raisetheissueofAmericanexperienceinachievingrapidnationaldevelopmentWrittentime•Itislikelythattheessaywaswritteninthelate1960sorearly1970sbecausemanycountriesinAsiaandAfricawonindependenceinthisperiodandwantedtodeveloptheircountries.•Forexample:justin1960,manyAfricancountriesdeclaredindependence:•TheRepublicofCentralAfrica•TheRepublicofChad(乍得)•ThePeople’sRepublicoftheCongo•TheGabonRepublic（加蓬）•TheRepublicofGhanaPartII(Paras.2--6)•ThispartdealswiththefactorsthatfacilitatedtherapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.TheauthorpointsoutinParagraph6thatthefundamentalfactorhasbeenthenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofsocialandeconomicorder.2:Thefirstsettlers•ThefirstsettlersgenerallyreferredtowerethefoundersofJamestown(Virginia)in1607and/orthe102passengerswhosailedontheMayflowerin1620toplantthefirstcolonyatPlymouthinwhatistodaysoutheasternMassachusetts2Theeconomicandsocialchallenges•:•TheproblemssuchashungeranddiseasethefirstsettlershadfacedaftertheirlandinginAmerica;andtheirrelationship(includingtheconflict)withthenativeIndians3:Onefactorwasthedeepfaithineducation.•Theauthorprobablymakesthisstatementonthefollowingfacts:TheHarvardCollege(inBoston)wasfoundedin1636,WilliamandMary(inVirginia)in1693andtheYaleCollege(inConnecticut)in1701.ApublicschoolsystemwassetupinMassachusettsin16473•Itaroseoriginallyfromaphilosophicalratherthananeconomiccommitment•它源于对思想原则的信仰,而不是出于对经济利益的追求5:Self-government•Self-governmentistheprinciplethatthepeoplearetheultimatesourceofgoverningauthorityandthattheirgeneralwelfareistheonlylegitimatepurposeofgovernment.5:Self-government•ThisremindsusofGettysburgAddressbyAbrahamLincoln:•…thatweherehighlyresolvethatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain,thatthisnationunderGodshallhaveanewbirthoffreedom,andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.5representativeinstitutions•代议制政府机构:refertoasystemofgovernmentinstitutionsthatgivecitizenstheopportunitytovoteforrepresentativeswhowillworkontheirbehalf.•TheSenate•HouseofRepresentatives5Cooperativeactivity•takestwoforms:•Public(compulsory,organizedbythegovernment)&voluntary(e.g.communityserviceandcommunityspirit)6•dogmaticpreconceptions:教条式的偏见•preconception:事先在头脑中形成的看法或现念6•Americahasbeenadaptableandflexible.Americans,ingeneral,arenotdogmatic.Theydonotclingtotheories.Theybelieveinexperienceandarenotafraidofmistakes.Trialsanderrorsarenaturalinexperiments.•Thisissimilartoourviewthat'Practiceistheultimatetestoftruth.PartIll(Paras7-10)•TheauthoroffershisdefinitionofideologyandpointsoutthatAmericanshavenotbeenimmunetothetemptationofideology.Ideology•ByideologyImeanabodyofsystematicandrigiddogmabywhichpeopleseektounderstandtheworld–andtopreserveortransformit.(7)•DefinitionfromOxford:•Setofideasthatformthebasisofaneconomicorpoliticaltheoryorthatareheldbyaparticulargrouporperson7:hedgehog•Theonebigthingiswhenhedgehogsencounterdanger,theywillinvariablycurlthemselvesupintoballswiththesharpspinesstickingoutasdefense.•Thisistheonlywaytheyknowtoprotectthemselves.•Thehedgehog:comparedtotheideologistwhoonlyfollowsthedogmahebelievesin.foxes•Foxes:notsticktoonewayofprotectingthemselves.Theyusemanydifferentwaystodeceivethosewhothreatentheirsafety.•Foxesaremoreflexibleandadaptable.Calvin•ReformerJohnCalvin(1509-1564)ofGenevaCalvin•encouragedChristianself-consciousness.•Todiscoverifonewasamongthefewrequiredconstantattentiontoone'sinnermotivationandalsoattentivereadingoftheBible.•Calvinismpromotedliteracybutalsomaterialsuccessasameansofindirectlyconfirminganindividual'ssalvation.Calvin•CalvinisminspiredpeopletoseekprofitandworldlysuccessasaprobableforetasteofGod'sgraceandeternalsalvation.•Workwasnolongertiedsimplytomaterialneeds,buttospiritualuncertainties,apotentiallylimitlessmotivation.8•Afterall,theAmericanmindwasconditionedbyoneofthenoblestandmostformidablestructuresofanalysiseverdevised,Calvinisttheology．•毕竟，美国人的思维方式深受加尔文派神学的影响，这种神学是有史以来人类创造的最崇高、最令人敬畏的分析体系之一8•asetofbindingpropositions:一系列必须遵循的主张8•todefinenationalgoalsinanordered.comprehensive,andpermanentway.•……以一种有序、全面、永恒的方式来确定国家目标。•YetmostofthetimeAmericanshavefoxilymistrustedabstractrationalismandrigidaprioridoctrine•然而，大多数时候美国人对抽象的理性主义和僵硬的先验理论持明智的不信任态度。Ithasnotpermitteddogmatofalsifyreality,imprisonexperience,ornarrowthespectrumofchoice•(1)Notetheverb-objectcollocation.•(2)falsifyreality,topresentawrongpictureofactualsituationduetolookingatthingsdogmatically;todistortormisrepresentactualsituationasaresultofclingingtocertaindogmas•(3)imprisonexperience:torestrictwhatpeoplecando;tolimitthepracticeofthepeople•