Rousseau

Jean-JacquesRousseau(1712-1778)Manwasbornfree,andheiseverywhereinchains.人是生而自由的，但却无往不在枷锁之中。RousseauphotoRousseaustatueBackgroundMainideasMainpublicationsQuotesInfluenceRousseauwasborninGeneva（日内瓦）,thesonofawatchmaker.Hismotherdiedinchildbirthandhisfathershowedlittleinterestinhim:theyoungRousseauwasleftinGenevawhenhisfatherwasexiledtoLyons.AttheageoffourteenRousseauleftGenevaandafterseveraladventures,endedupinTurin(都灵).SeveralmoreyearsofwanderingfromplacetoplacepasseduntilhewastakenintotheprivatecareofacertainMadamedeWarens(华伦夫人）.UnderhercarehetooktoreadingandstudyandspentsomeeightyearsthereuntilobtainingajobassecretarytotheFrenchAmbassadorinVenice(威尼斯).BackgroundHedidnotwritehisfirstindependentworkuntilhewasnearlyfortyyearsold,butsoonbecamefamousonitspublication.HebecametheleadingFrenchphilosopheroftheEnlightenment,responsibleforinaugurating（创新）theRomanticmovementinContinentalphilosophy.Despitehissuccessasawriter,Rousseaufelloutwithalmosteveryonewhoknewhim,includingtheCatholicsandMmedeWarens.HefellouttoowiththeProtestantsandtheGovernmentofFranceafterpublishingTheSocialContract.Heendedhisdaysaloneinpovertyanddespairhavingfledfromcountrytocountry.Afterquarrellingwithhisone-timefriendDavidHumeinEngland,hefinallyexpiredinParis,mostprobablycommittingsuicide.MainideasInphilosophy,Rousseauadvocatedthatthefeelingisthesourceofknowledge,adheredtothedeismpointofView(自然神论);heemphasizedthegoodnessandfaithabovereason.Insociety,Rousseauadheredtothesocialcontracttheory(社会契约论),whoadvocatedtheestablishmentofrationalkingdom”ofbourgeois,freedomandequality,andagainstforthebigprivateownershipandoppression.Besideshebelievedtheoriginofhumaninequalityistheprivateproperty,notabolishingprivateownership.Heproposedthenaturalrights,butobjectedtodespotismandtyranny.Ineducation,hethinkthepurposeofeducationiscultivatingnaturalperson,heobjectedinjuryandignorancetochildrencomingfromfeudaleducation,besideshealsorequestedtoimprovethestatusofchildrenineducation.Whatismore,headvocatedreformonteachingcontentandmethodswhichconformingtothenatureofchildren,sothattheyhaveafreedevelopmentintheirphysicalandmental.Thoseideasreflectedtherequirementsthatliberatedfromthefeudaldictatorshipprinciple(封建专制制度)forbourgeoisie(资产阶级)andworkingpeople.Hisideastobourgeois(资产阶级):peoplecontractconstitutesasociety,humanandsocialcontractconstitutesacountry.Naturalstandardshigherthanthesocialnorms,sovereigntyishigherthanhumanrights,andcollectivepowerisbeyondindividuals.Healsobelievedallmenarebornfreeandunqual.Individualfreedomshoudbegreaterthanthecollectivefreedom.Amanwhohavenaturalattributesandsocialattributes.Emotionaleducationshouldprecedetheintellectualeducation,andeducationwasanunderstandingoftheprocessfromnaturetopeople,whichshouldupheldthenatureculture.Inthe20th-centuryRousseau'sinfluenceisseeninErikAhlman's(1892-1952)writingsoneducation,especiallyintheconceptofman'struenatureandpureindividuality.AccordingtoAhlman,thepurposeofeducationistodeveloptheindividual,personalself.InthemodernliteratureArtoPaasilinnahasusedinseveralbooksthebacktonaturetheme.Hisnovels,suchasJäniksenvuosi(1975,TheYearoftheHare;inFrenchtranslationLelièvredeVatanen),havebeenverypopularinFinlandandinFrance.-TheConfessionswasreprintedin1999,butÉmilehasbeenoutofprintsincethe1930s.MainpublicationsTheSocialContractisnowadaysonlyfoundinthestockroomsoflargelibraries.In2001appearedRousseau'sDiscourssurl'origineetlesfondementsdel'inégalitéinFinnish,246yearsafteritspublication.Mainpublications《Emile》爱弥儿（1762）《Confessions》忏悔录（1778）《Thesocialcontract》社会契约论（1761）《ThenewauroraIsmail》新爱洛伊斯（1761）《Discourssurlessciencesetlesarts》论科学与艺术（1749）《Discourssurl'origineetlesfondementsdel'inégalité》论人类不平等的起源和基础（1755）1.Donotfeelabsolutelycertainofanything.凡事不要抱绝对肯定的态度。2.Donotthinkitworthwhiletoproducebeliefbyconcealingevidence,fortheevidenceissuretocometolight.不要试图隐瞒证据，因为证据最终会被暴露。3.Nevertrytodiscouragethinking,foryouaresuretosucceed.不要害怕思考，因为思考总能让人受益；QuotesSevenCommandments4.Havenorespectfortheauthorityofothers,fortherearealwayscontraryauthoritiestobefound.不用盲目地崇拜任何权威，因为你总能找到相反的权威。5.Donotfeartobeeccentricinopinion,foreveryopinionnowacceptedwasonceeccentric.不要为自己持独特看法而感到害怕，因为我们现在所接受的常识都曾是独特看法；6.Findmorepleasureinintelligentdissentthaninpassiveagreement,forifyouvalueintelligenceasyoushould,theformerimpliesadeeperagreementthanthelatter.与其被动地同意别人的看法，不如理智地表示反对，因为如果你信自己的智慧，那么你的异议正表明了更多的赞同。7.Bescrupulouslytruthfulevenifthetruthisinconvenient,foritismoreinconvenientwhenyoutrytoconcealit.即使真相并不令人愉快，也一定要做到诚实，因为掩盖真相往往要费更大力气。OneshouldnotoverlookthefactthatthereareserioustensionsinRousseau’sconceptofasocialcontract.Rousseauisnotsomuchtheidealistthathedoesnotrealizetherewillbetimeswhenanindividual’swillrunscountertothegeneralwill.Insuchcasesthereisnocompromise:theindividualshallbeforcedtocomply,orinRousseau’spithybutratherchillingwords,‘Thismeansnothinglessthanthathewillbeforcedtobefree’.InfluenceTheendThankyou!