西方国家城市更新研究综述

王如渊(西华师范大学国土资源学院,四川南充637002):城市更新是当今世界各国城市发展中的重要实践活动之一,因而也成为包括规划学地理学社会学经济学等学科研究的重点内容之一受实践的影响,不同的时期又表现出不同的特征:在城市更新的初创时期,研究主要是对城市建设反思为主,并辅以简单改造计划的提出,研究主要集中在物质的层面,地域上以西欧个别国家为主;20世纪初到二战末,各国城市更新实践受到战争影响,因而研究只是一些个别地区改造报告的提出;二战以来,各国城市更新的实践开展得十分广泛,研究成果也十分突出,本时期加强了理论研究,特别强调对人居环境的重视,并且研究涉及的学科从单一的规划学拓展到地理学社会学经济学等领域:城市更新;人本思想;人居环境:TU0981:A:1005-1465(2004)02-0001-06SUMMARYOFTHERESEARCHESONTHEURBANRENEWALINWEASTENCOUNTRIESWANGRu_yuan(SchoolofLandandResource,ChinaWestNormalUniversity,Nanchong637002,China)Abstract:Urbanrenewalisthemostimportantpartofurbanconstructionineverycountrytoday.Andtherefore,manysubjectsincludingplanning,geography,economics,sociology,politicalscience,paytheirattentiontoit.Butindifferenttimes,theemphasesofresearcharedifferent.Intheearlydaysofurbanrenewal,theemphasesofresearchwereplacedontherethinkingoftheurbanconstruction,especiallyontheresidenceconstructionforthelowerclasses.Physicalreconstructionswerethemajorcontent.Andthepracticeandresearchwereconcentratedinfewcountries,suchasEngland,Germanyetc.Fromtheearly20thcenturyto1950s,theresearchwasinstagnancybecauseofthewars.Butsincethen,theurbanrenewalstepshavebeenintoitsgoldentimes,andtheresearchhasgoneahead,especiallysince1960s.Inthisperiod,theemphasesareputonthetheorization,thepopulation,healthandhumansettlements.Keywords:urbanrenewal;Westerncountries;humanorientedidea;humansettlements,,200200,,,,,,,2020:20,,,,,,1857,!∀∀∀#∃,%&[1]1858,!!:2002-12-05:(1967-),,,,,()∋∋1,,!1862:%,?&,%&1874#∃,[1],19,,EbenezerHoward1890%,!EbenezerHoward,,,&[1]EbenezerHoward,,1898#:∃,,%&(%&),%,,;,,,(&[1]1903,EbenezerHoward[2],,,,,,,,,,,,EbenezerHoward%,&,,%:,,&[3],EbenezerHoward,%∀&,,!!%&!%&20:,,,,1929,RaymondUnwin,,,2030,,MontagueBarlowJusticeUthwatt19401941MontagueBarlow,,,1941,JusticeUthwatt%&,,,1942,,,,,,[1],,,,19%&%&%&,2020,%&%&,,,,,#∃%&2050:%&(一)城市更新理论的发展1.,,%,(,((CIAM)(&,[4],,%,))&[5]2.%&2王如渊,%&,%&,!L!E!F!C!P!J!,%&%&,%&,%&%&%&,,%&%&,,%&%&%&[6]%&,!%,&,%&%&,!%&,%&!%&1961#∃,%&[7],%:,,&[4]%&%&,,!%&,%&,%&,%&L!L!20%&,%&,%&[8]%&[9]%&,%()()()&[8]%∀&,(),%,,,,&,[8],%∀&21,E.F.Schumacher[10],1973,#∃,,%&%&%&1975,C.#∃,,%,,,,))&[4],1977,#∃:%,,&[11],%&KupkeV![12],%&SfeinbergF![13],%,,&[14],%20-40&[14],,,,,,,,%,,,,&[15]3.20,20,2070,()∋∋3,,,,,%&%&,19966,(),%&%&21,%&21(二)关于住宅更新的研究2040-50,WilmottYoung,Gans,Fried,Harman,Parker,EnglishJ.,Madigan,R.,Norman,P.,J.B.,,,,,,,,[16]Gan[17]1949-1964,,0.5%,1948-1968,48,[18],1958-1975%&[19],(),%,,&[20](HUD)%&,%&Wood,,[21],MoiraWallace,,[22],[23],2000,,2090,ChevalieJ.[24],,∀∀∀,,,HenuE.[25]Lorette,%&,LinJ.[26],,,,,,,ThomasH.OConnor[27],2050-70,,,,,%&,,DavidR.Quammen[28]Moore,%,(:D.C.)4,1%,,&%&%&208090,[29]%&%&%∀&,[30],RutheiserC.[31]1996,,,2080,,PamukA.,FernandoP.,CavallieriA.%&[32]GregOhare,,%,)),)),4王如渊&[33],StewartD.J.[34],,,,,NaomiCarmon[14]2050%&,(4050);(60),%&;(70),,,%&%&∗%&+,207070,,%∀&%∀&[14]%&,,%∀&DangschatJ.S.andOsenbrueggeJ.[33]FainsteinS.S.[36],StokerG.[37]KeatingW.D.,KrumholzN.,[38],,%&,%90,7080,,&,Keidanren[40],,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,ClAM,%10&%&,(BroadAcreCity),,,,,,,,70,,,,21,,,40-50,,,,,2070,,,,2060-70%&,:OurTownsandCities:TheFutureDeliveringandUrbanRenaissance.∗:a.;b.+:a.;b.;c.()∋∋5:[1]()!G.[M].:,2000.25-52.[2].[M].:,1997.33-59,180-246,295-351,365.[3].[M].:,2000.126-127.[4],.![J].,1998,16(4):109-111.[5].:[M].:,2000.222-260.[6],.[J].,2001,(2):25-28.[7]JacobsJ.TheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCities[M].RandomHouse,NewYork,1961.[8].[J].,1996,(1):48,35-41.[9].[M].:,1998.168.[10]SchumacherEF.SmallisBeautiful:EconomicsasifPeopleMatters[M].NewYork:HarperandRow.EnglandandWales.CroomHelm,London,1973.[11]=030805&infidx=176,2002-11-12.[12]KupkeV.InterpretingTownscapeasaMeansofConservationintheBuiltEnvironment:aSouthAustralianCaseStudy[J].UrbanDesignInternational.1997,(2):73-79.[13]SfeinbergF.ConservationandRehabilitationofUrbanHeritageinDevelopingCountries[J].HabitatInternational.1996,20(3).463-475.[14]CarmonN.ThreeGenerationsofUrbanRenewalPolicies,AnalysisandPolicyImplications[J].Geoforum,1999(30):145-158.[15].∀∀∀[J].(),1997,Vol.12(2):75-80.[16]GreerS.UrbanRenewalandAmericanCities[M].Bobbs-Merrill,Indianapolis.1965.[17]GansHJ.TheUrbanVillagers:GroupandClassintheLifeofItalian-American[M].TheFreePress,NewYork.1962.[18]CarterT.NeighborhoodImprovement:theCanadianExperience[M].1991.In:AltermanR,CarsG(Eds.).NeighborhoodRegeneration:AnInternationalEvaluation.Mansell,London.[19]PrimusH,MetselaarG.UrbanRenewalPolicyinaEuropeanPerspective[M].OTBResearchInstitute,DelftUniversityPress,Delft.1992.[20]DemanS.TheRealEstateTakeover:ApplicationofGrossmanandHartTheory[J].InternationalReviewofFinancialAnalysis.2000(9):175-195.[21]WoodR.ModelCities∀∀∀WhatWentWrong?TheProgramoritsCritics?1990.In:Carmon,N.(Ed.),NeighborhoodPolicyandProgrammes:PastandPresent[M].Macmillan,London,1990.[22]MoiraW.LongTermstrategiesRequiredforNeighbourhoodRenewal[OL].[23]NicholasF.MakingNeighbourhoodsSustainable[OL].