微观经济学中英文术语及其解释

Scarcitythelimitednatureofsociety’sresourcesEconomicsthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresourcesEfficiencythepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesEquitythepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsocietyOpportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemMarginalchangessmallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofactionMarketeconomyaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservicesMarketfailureas/tuitioninwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficientlyExternalitytheimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystanderMarketpowertheabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketpricesProductivitythequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stimeInflationanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomyPhilipscurveacurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemploymentBusinesscyclefluctuationsineconomicactivity，suchasemploymentandproduaionCircular-flowdiagramavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsProductionpossibilitiesfrontieragraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnologyPositivestatementsclaimsthatattempttododescribetheworldasitisNormativestatementsclaimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbeAbsoluteadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityOpportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemComparativeadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycostImportsgoodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyExportsgoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadMarketagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorserviceCompetitivemarketamarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketpriceQuantitydemandedtheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandableto-purchaseLawofdemandtheclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrisesDemandscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodand-thequantitydemandedDemandcurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedNormalgoodagoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemandInferiorgoodagoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleads‘toadecreaseindemandSubstitutestwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheotherComplementstwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheotherQuantitysuppliedtheamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosellLawofsupplytheclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrisesSupplyscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysuppliedSupplycurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysuppliedEquilibriumasituationinwhichthepricehasreachedthelevelwherequantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemandedEquilibriumpricethepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemandedEquilibriumquantitythequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumpriceSurplusasituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemandedShortageasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysuppliedLawsofsupplyanddemandtheclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalanceElasticityameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminantsPriceelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedastheepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinpriceIncomeelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangetnquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincomeCross-priceelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondtoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangemquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgoodPriceelasticityofsupplyameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinpricePriceceilingalegalmaximumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesoldPriceflooralegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesoldTaxincidencethemannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarketWelfareeconomicsthestudyofhowtheallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-beingWillingnesstopaythemaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagoodConsumersurplusabuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypaysCostthevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagoodProducersurplustheamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostEfficiencythepropertyofaresourceallocationofmaximizingthetotalsurplusreceivedbyallmembersofsocietyEquitythefairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthemembersof