AP-psychology总结Unit5

Chapter5StatesofConsciousnessDualism二元论Thought+matter(body)humans(andtheuniverseingeneral)consistoftwomaterials:thoughtandmatter.Matteriseverythingthathassubstance.Thoughtisanonmaterialaspectthatarisesfrom,butisinsomewayindependentof,abrain.Thoughtgiveshumansfreewillandexistsevenafterthebrainandthebodydie.Monism一元论Braineverythingisthesamesubstanceandthoughtandmatterareaspectsofthesamesubstance.Thoughtisaby-productofbrainprocessesandstopsexistingwhenthebodydies.ConsciousnessOurlevelofawarenessaboutourselvesandourenvironment.意识是我们对自己和环境的觉察程度。consciousnessisnotlikeanon/offswitchdifferentlevelsanddifferentstatesEvidenceofconsciousness1.Mere-exposureeffectwepreferstimuliwehaveseenbeforeovernovelstimuli,evenifwedonotconsciouslyrememberseeingtheoldstimuli.2.Theprimingeffect启动效应:Participantsrespondmorequicklyandaccuratelytoquestionstheyhaveseenbefore,eveniftheydonotrememberseeingthem.3.BlindsightSomepeoplewhoreportbeingblindcannonethelessaccuratelydescribethepathofmovingobjectoraccuratelygraspobjectstheysaytheycannotsee.PossiblelevelsofconsciousnessStatesofconsciousness1.Consciouscurrentlyawareof2.Sleep/drug-inducedstates/hypnosislessawareofisnotunconscious,isastateofconsciousnessSleepcyclespartofourcircadianrhythm(ourmetabolicandthoughtprocessesfollowacertainpattern).IsstudiedbyEEGtorecordbrainwavesIsstudiedbysleepdeprivation睡眠剥夺Sleeponset:theperiodwhenwearefallingasleep.Astagebetweenwakefulnessandsleep.Ourbrainproducesalphawaveswhenwearedrowsybutawake.Wemightexperiencemildhallucinations(suchasfallingorrising)beforeactuallyfallingasleep.Aswegetclosertomorning:wespendmoretimeinstages1&2&REMLesstimein3&4Ageaffectthesleeppattern：Babiesspendmoretotaltime(upto18hours)andspendmoretimeinREMSleepstagesStages1and2:1.thetawaves.2.Instage2,theEEGstartstoshowsleepspindles(shortburstsofrapidbrainwaves).Fromthere,wemoveintostages3and4.Stages3and4(deltasleeporslow-wavesleep):（和身体修复&生长有关）1.deltawaves2.theslowerthewave,thedeeperthesleepandlessawareweareofourenvironment.3.Ifyouareawakenoutofdeltasleep,youmaybeverydisorientedandgroggy.4.Deltasleepseemstobeveryimportantinreplenishingthebody’schemicalsupplies,releasinggrowthhormonesinchildren,andfortifyingourimmunesystem.5.Apersondeprivedofdeltasleepwillbemoresusceptivletoillnessandwillfeelphysicallytired.6.Increasingexercisewillincreasetheamountoftimewespendinstages3and4.REMsleep/paradoxicalsleepREM---rapideyemovement(和梦&记忆有关)1.Oureyesdartbackandforthandmanyofourmusclesmaytwitchrepeatedly.2.TheexactpurposesofREMarenotclear,butdreamsusuallyoccurinREMsleep.3.Dreamscanoccurinanystageofsleep,butitisfarmorelikelythatanydetaileddreamoccursinREM.4.REMsleepdeprivationinterfereswithmemory.IndividualsdeprivedofREMsleepwillexperienceREMrebound(experiencingmoreandlongerperiodsofREM).5.Themorestressweexperienceduringtheday,thelongerourperiodsofREMsleepwillbe.Sleepdisorders1.Insomnia失眠(10%)themostcommonsleepdisorderDiagnosedinsomniacshaveproblemsgettingtosleepmoreoftenthannot.Treatment:1)reductionofcaffeineorotherstimulants2)Exercise3)Maintainaconsistentsleeppattern4)Usesleepingpillswithcaution2.Narcolepsy嗜睡(0.001%)maysuddenlyfallintoREMsleepregardlessofwhattheyaredoingatthetime.Treatment:1)medication2)changingsleeppatterns(usuallyinvolvingnapsatcertaintimesoftheday)3.Sleepapnea窒息(common&serious)StopbreathingforshortperiodsoftimeRobssuffersofdeepsleepandcausestirednesspossibleinterferewithattentionandmemorySevereapneacanbefatal.Frequentlygoesundiagnosed.OverweightmenareatahigherriskforapneaTreatment:respirationmachine4.Nightterrors夜惊usuallyaffectschildren,stopsastheygetolderdonotrememberwhentheywakeupProbablyrelatedinsomewaytosomnambulism(sleepwalking)oftenoccursduringthefirstfewhoursofthenightinstage4dreamsDreams:theseriesofstorylikeimagesweexperienceaswesleep.DifficultresearchareaRelyonself-reportsIfpeopleareawakenedduringorshortlyafterREM,theyoftenreporttheyweredreaming3theories:1)SigmundFreud（压抑&愿望满足&象征性）•Dreaminterpretation:amethodtouncovertherepressedinformationintheunconsciousmind•Dreamsarewishfulfilling•Manifestcontent(theliteralcontentofourdreams)&Latentcontent(theunconsciousmeaningofthemanifestcontent)Protectedsleep:ouregoprotectsusfromthematerialintheunconsciousmindintheformofsymbols.•Popularitydoesnotimplyvalidity可信性•Thistheoryisdifficulttovalidateorinvalidate•Mostlyusedinpsychoanalytictherapyandpoppsychology2)Activation-synthesistheory（生理）•Biologicalphenomena•Dreamsarenothingmorethanthebrain’sinterpretationsofwhatishappeningphysiologicallyduringREMsleep.•hasnomoremeaningthananyotherphysiologicalreflexinourbody.3)Information-processingtheory（白天的信息加工）•stressduringthedaywillincreasethenumberandintensityofdreamsduringthenight.•Dreamcontentrelatetodailyconcerns•Tointegratetheinformationprocessedduringthedayintoourmemories•BabiesmayneedmoreREMsleepthanadultsbecausetheyprocesssomuchnewinformationeveryday.HypnosisPosthypnoticamnesia催眠后遗忘:peoplereportforgettingeventsthatoccurredwhiletheywerehypnotized.Posthypnoticsuggestion催眠后暗示:asuggestionthatahypnotizedpersonbehaveinacertainwayafterheor