集成电路功耗优化技术综述

第27卷第2期上海电力学院学报Vo.l27,No.220114JournalofShanghaiUniversityofElectricPowerApr.2011:1006-4729(2011)02-0187-06:2010-07-10:(1983-),,,,..Emai:[e-mail].:(08160510600,09160501700);(09ZZ185,09YZ337).,(,200090):.,,,,.:;;;:TP323.2;TP368.1:AOverviewofPowerOptimizationofIntegratedCircuitsWEIChunjuan,LJian(SchoolofComputerandInformationEngineering,ShanghaiUniversityofElectricPower,Shanghai200090,China)Abstract:CurrentlyusedmethodsforICpowerdissipationdesigncanbeclassifiedasdynamicoptimizationandstaticoptimization.Bothofthemareinvestigatedextensively.Typicalalgorithmsamongeachcategoryareintroducedindetai.lThenthehotissuessuchasdesignofmicrocontroller,dynamicpowermanagementanddynamicvoltagescalingarestudied.Problemsthatremainunsolvedaresummarized.Keywords:lowpowerconsumption;dynamicpoweroptimization;staticpoweroptimization;dynamicpowermanagement,.:,[1];,[2];,,.,,,.,,.,,()3.,,.1CMOS[3]:P=0.5CUDD2fEsw+QSCUDDfEsw+IleakUDD(1):P;C;UDD;Esw,;f;QSC;Ileak.(1)1,,,70%~90%;2,PN,;3,,,..,CMOS,,,..,.2,,,.,,.,.2.1(DynamicPowerManagemen,tDPM)[4],,,..,3.(1),.[4].,.(2),,,,(),[5]..,.(3),,(Markov),,[6].DPM,BENINI[7]DPM,;QIU[8]DPM;REN1882011[9]DPM,(),.,.SIMUNIC[10]DPM,,,DPM.DPM,,,DPM(),,.,CHUNG[11]DPM;LI[12]Q,,;[13]DPM,PeratoDPM,PeratoDPM;[14],,,.2.2,,.,.,,,..,.,,,,,[15]..,,,.2.3.,..,,(FiniteStateMachine,FSM).FSM.,,..FSM.,,.,FSM,:;.[16][17].[18][19].,[20],.,FSM.[21],,FSM.189,:2.4,,,..[22].,,..,,,,.,.2.5,,,[23].,.,,,,.,,,,.,,,.3,,.2090,,,.,.(1),,[24].(2),,.[25].,.(3),.[26],[27].,,..(4)(P[28]),,.,,;,,,.,,.,,,.44.1,1902011,.,,.[29]TLB,Harvard1#,.[30]2#,(),().,Cache,.4.2,.,(DynamicVoltageScaling,DVS),.,.,,,.,:,FLAT,PEAK,PAST,AVGn;[31].[32]CPU;[33].,,.[34]DVS,,,.[35]0-1,.[36],,.5,,,,,,,,,.3.,,;,,;,,,,.,.:[1]LUYnnghsiang,DeMicheliG.Comparingsystemlevelpowermanagementpolicies[J].Design&TestofComputers,IEEE,2001,18(2):1019.[2]CALDARIM,CONTIM,CRIPPAP,etal.DynamicpowermanagementinanAMBAbasedbatterypoweredsystem[C]//9thInternationalConferenceonElectronics,CircuitsandSystems,2002:525528.[3].CMOS[D].:,2006.[4]RENZY,KROGHBH,MARCULESCUR.Hierarchicaladaptivedynamicpowermanagement[C]//Design,AutomationandTestinEuropeConferenceandExhibitionVolumeI,Paris,France,2004:136141.191,:[5]WEISERM,WELCHB,DEMERSA,etal.SchedulingforreducedCPUenergy[C]//Proc.ofthe1stUSENIXSymp.onOperatingSystemsDesignandImplementation.NewYork:TheAdvancedComputingSystemsAssociation,1994:1323.[6]LORCHJR.Operatingsystemstechniquesforreducingprocessorenergyconsumption[D].California:UniversityofCalifornia,2001.[7]BENINIL,BOGLIOLOA.Policyoptimizationfordynamicpowermanagement[J].IEEETrans.OnComputerAidedDesignofIntegratedCircuitandSystems,1999,16(6):813833.[8]QIUQ,PEDRAMM.DynamicpowermanagementbasedoncontinuoustimeMarkovdecisionprocesses[C]//Proc.ofDesignAutomationConference,1999:555561.[9]RENZhiyuan,KROGHBH,MARCULESCUR.Hierarchicaladaptivedynamicpowermanagement[J].IEEETrans.onComputers,2005,54(4):409412.[10]SIMUNICT,BENINIL,MICHELIGD.Eventdrivenpowermanagement[J].IEEETrans.onComputerAidedDesignofIntegratedCircuitsandSystems,2001,20(7):840856.[11]CHUNGE,BENINIL,BOGLIOLOA,etal.Dynamicpowermanagementfornonstationaryservicerequests[J].IEEETrans.onComputers,2002,51(11):13451360.[12]LIMin,WUXiaobo,YAORichard,etal.QDPM:anefficientmodelfreedynamicpowermanagementtechnique[C]//ProceedingsoftheDesign,AutomationandTestinEuropeConferenceandExhibition,Munich,2005,1(1):526527.[13],.[J].,2005,16(8):14991505.[14],,.[J].,2006,18(5):680686.[15],,.[J].,2004,25(3):229333.[16]BENINIL,MICHELIG.Stateassignmentforlowpowerdissipation[J].IEEEJournalofSolidStateCircuits,1995,30(3):258268.[17]HONGS,PARDS,HWANGS,etal.Stateassignmentinfinitestatemachinesforminimalswitchingpowerconsumption[J].IEEEElectronicsLetters,1994,30(8):627629.[18]TSUIC,PEDRAMM,DESPAINA.Lowpowerstateassignmenttargetingtwoandmultilevellogicimplementations[J].IEEETrans.onComputerAidedDesignofIntegratedCircuitsandSystems,1998,17(12):12811291.[19]WANGS,HORNGM.Stateassignmentoffinitestatemachinesforlowpowerapplications[J].ElectronicsLetters,1996,32(25):23232324.[20]HACHTELG,HERMIDAM,PARDOA,etal.Reencodingsequentialcircuitstoreducepowerdissipation[C]//ProceedingsoftheInt.lConferenceonComputerAidedDesign,SanJose,USA,1994:7073.[21],,.[J].,2007,30(9):15671572.[22].[D].:,2008.[23]LIF,HEL.Maximumcurrentestimationwithconsiderationofpowergating[C]//IEEE/ACMInternationalSymposiumonPhysicalDesign,SonomaCountry,CA,2001:106111.[24]DONAGHYD,HALLS.Designof50nmverticalMOSFETincorporatingadielectricpocket[J].IEEETrans.ElectronDevices,2004,51(1):158161.[25]ASSADERAGHIF,SINITSKYD.DynamicthresholdvoltageMOSFET(DTMOS)forultralowvoltageoperation[C]//InternationalElectronDevicesMeeting,DigestofTechnicalPapers,1994:809812.[26]HALTERJ,NAJMF.AgatelevelleakagepowerreductionmethodforultralowpowerCMOScircuits[C]//IEEECustomsIntegratedCircuitsConference,1997:475478.[27]JOHNSONMC.LeakagecontrolwithefficientuseoftransistorstacksinsinglethresholdCMOS[J].IEEETrans.onVeryLargeScaleIntegration(VLSI)Systems,2002,10(1):15.[28]HAMZAOGLUF,STANMR.Circuitleveltechniquestocontrolgatelea