ICC458-758

ICC458:国际商会见索即付保函统一规则UNIFORMRULESFORDEMANDGUARANTEESICCPUBLICATIONNO.4581992国际商会见索即付保函统一规则编号4581992INTRODUCTION引言TheseUniformRulesforDemandGuarantees(ICCPublicationNo.458)resultfromtheworkoftheICCJointWorkingPartyofmembersrepresentingtheCommissiononInternationalCommercialPracticeandtheCommissiononBankingTechniqueandPractice,andalsofromtheworkoftheDraftingGroupsetuptofinalizethetext.TheRulesareintendedtoapplyworldwidetotheuseofdemandguarantees,thatis,guarantees,bondsandotherpaymentundertakingsunderwhichthedutyoftheguarantororissuertomakepaymentarisesonthepresentationofawrittendemandandanyotherdocumentsspecifiedintheguaranteeandisnotconditionalonactualdefaultbytheprincipalintheunderlyingtransaction.《见索即付保函统一规则》(国际商会第458号出版物)是国际商会国际商业惯例委员会和银行技术与惯例委员会联合工作组以及为最后定稿而设立的起草小组的工作成果。本规则旨在于全球范围内适用于见索即付保函，也就是保函、保证或者其他付款承诺，在该承诺项下，当提交书面的付款要求以及保函所规定的其他单据后担保人或者出具人即有义务进行付款，而不以基础交易中被担保人是否实际违约为转移。Demandguaranteesdifferfromdocumentarycreditsinthattheyareproperlyinvokedonlyiftheprincipalhasmadedefault.However,theguarantor,liketheissuerofadocumentarycredit,isconcernednotwiththefactofdefault,butonlywithdocuments.见索即付保函与跟单信用证的区别是，只有当被担保人违约时，支用见索即付保函才是适当的。但是，如同跟单信用证的开证人一样，担保人仅仅处理单据，而不考察事实上是否发生了违约。StandbycreditsarealreadygovernedbytheUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits(UCP)(1983RevisionNO.400).Theyhavedevelopedintoall-purposefinancialsupportinstrumentswhichareusedinamuchwiderrangeoffinancialandcommercialactivitythandemandguarantees,andregularlyinvolvepracticesandprocedures(e.g.confirmation,issueforabank'sownaccount,presentationofdocumentstoapartyotherthantheissuer)thatareinfrequentlyencounteredinrelationtodemandguaranteesandthatallystandbycreditsmorecloselywithdocumentarycredits.Accordingly,whilestandbycreditsaretechnicallywithinthedefinitionofademandguarantee,itisexpectedthatissuersofstandbycreditswillcontinuetousetheUCP,whicharebothmoredetailedandmoreappropriatetotheparticularrequirementsofstandbycredits.备用信用证业已由《跟单信用证统一惯例(UCP)》(1983年版，第400号出版物)来调整。它已经发展成为一种全能的金融支持工具，较见索即付保函更为广泛地应用于金融和商业活动中，并且经常涉及到见索即付保函很少遇到的做法和程序(例如，保兑、为银行自身开立、向开立人以外的一方提交单据)，从而使得备用信用证更类似于跟单信用证。因此，虽然备用信用证在技术上属于见索即付保函的定义范围，可以预见的是备用信用证的开证人将继续使用UCP，因为就备用信用证的特别需求而言，UCP更为详细和适合。TheseRulesdonotapplytosuretyshiporconditionalbondsorguaranteesorotheraccessoryundertakingunderwhichtheguarantor'sdutytopayarisesonlyonactualdefaultbytheprincipal.SuchinstrumentsarewidelyusedbutaredifferentincharacterfromdemandguaranteesandareoutsidethescopeandpurposeoftheseRules.本规则不适用于有条件的保证或者其他从属性的承诺，在该承诺项下担保人仅在被担保人实际违约时才承担付款义务。上述担保工具被广泛地使用，但是在性质上与见索即付保函不同，不属于本规则调整的范围和目的。ThesenewUniformRuleshavebeenintroducedbecausethe1978ICCUniformRulesforContractGuarantees(PublicationNo.325)didnotgaingeneralacceptance.ThenewRulesreflectmorecloselythedifferentinterestsofthepartiesinvolvedinademandguaranteetransaction.However,sincePublicationNo.325continuestobeusedtosomeextent,itwillberetainedinforceforthetimebeingsoastobeavailableforthosewhomaywishtouseitinpreferencetothenewRules.ThefutureofPublicationNo.325willbereviewedatalaterdateinthelightofexperience.之所以制定本套新规则，是由于1978年国际商会《合同担保统一规则》(第325号出版物)未获得普遍接受。这一新规则更准确地反映了见索即付保函交易所涉各方的不同利益。但是，由于第325号出版物继续在某些范围内适用，因此，该出版物在现时仍然有效，以便能够适用于那些更愿意使用该规则的当事人。第325号出版物的未来将根据其使用情况在将来予以重新评估。TheBeneficiary受益人Thebeneficiarywishestobesecuredagainsttheriskoftheprincipal'snotfulfillinghisobligationstowardsthebeneficiaryinrespectoftheunderlyingtransactionforwhichthedemandguaranteeisgiven.Theguaranteeaccomplishesthisbyprovidingthebeneficiarywithquickaccesstoasumofmoneyiftheseobligationsarenotfulfilled.受益人希望就被担保人在基础交易中不履行义务的风险获得见索即付保函所提供的保障。见索即付保函实现了这一目的，当基础交易中的义务未获履行时，受益人可以迅速获得一笔款项。ThePrincipal被担保人Whilstrecognizingtheneedsofthebeneficiary,theprincipalcanexpectonthegroundsofequityandgoodfaithtobeinformedinwritingthat,andinwhatrespect,itisclaimedheisinbreachofhisobligations.Thisshouldhelptoeliminateacertainlevelofabuseofguaranteesthroughunfairdemandsbybeneficiaries.在认可受益人的需要的同时，基于公平与诚信的考虑，被担保人有权获得关于其被称违约及违约事由的书面通知。这在一定程度上有助于消除受益人通过不正当的索偿对保函的滥用。TheGuarantor担保人FortheseRulestoapply,theguaranteeshouldnotstipulateanyconditionforpaymentotherthanthepresentationofawrittendemandandotherspecifieddocuments.Inparticular,thetermsoftheguaranteeshouldnotrequiretheguarantortodecidewhetherthebeneficiaryandprincipalhaveorhavenotfulfilledtheirobligationsundertheunderlyingtransaction,withwhichtheguarantorisnotconcerned.Thewordingoftheguaranteeshouldbeclearandunambiguous.适用本规则时，见索即付保函除了规定提交书面的付款要求和其他指定的单据外，不得规定其他任何付款条件。特别是，见索即付保函的条款不得要求担保人判断受益人和被担保人是否履行了他们在基础交易项下的义务，因为这与担保人是无关的。保函的措词应当清楚和明确。TheInstructingParty指示方ThenewRulesrecognizetheexistingwidespreadpracticewherebyaninstructingpartymayforwardtotheguarantorinstructionsreceivedfromoronbehalfoftheprincipalandcounter-guaranteesuchinstructions.新规则认可了指示方向担保人转递被担保人或其代表发出的指示，并就该指示提供反担保这一普遍存在的实务做法。General其他TheICCwishestoencouragegooddemand-guaranteepracticewhichisequitabletoallconcerned,andbelievesthattheseRuleswillresultinafairbalanceofinterests,recognizingtherightsandobligationsofallparties.ComparedwiththeICCRulespublishedin1978,theseRulesincorporatea