高考英语阅读理解专项指导--猜测词义4

---猜测词义猜测词义是考生阅读理解能力的一个重要方面.NMET阅读理解主要测试考生根据上下文和构词法知识猜出生词词义或旧词新意的能力.猜测生词的方法⑴根据构词法猜测英语中的构词法主要有三种：（Derivation）（Conversion）（Compounding）派生转化合成①派生：由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的单词，该法是猜测英语单词的主要方法。A.加前缀dis-,in-,re-,un-,non-,B.加后缀–able,-al,-an,-ful,-ive,-er,-ese,-ist,-ment,-ness,-tion,-fy,-ian,-ing,-is(z)e,-ly,-teen,-ty,-th,-ydisable,incorrect,rebuild,unimportant,nonstop,reasonable,chemical,American,helpful,handful,active,scientist,beautify,musician,realize,friendly,fully,如：unconditional，意为“无条件的”②转化：由某一词性转达化成另一词性，其意义也发生一定的变化。Iwasaskedtominutetherace.“minute”转化成动词，意为“为……计时”hand(n.)—hand(v.)empty(adj.)—empty(v.)Themansittinginthechairchairedthemeeting.③合成：两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新的单词。如：blackboard,man-made,overthrow④首字母缩略ISBN：VIP：InternationalStandardBookNumber国际标准图书编号veryImportantperson贵宾、大人物⑤混合词brunch:smog:⑥其他VS：XL:breakfast+lunch早午餐smoke+fog烟雾versus(=against)BrazilVSChinaextralarge⑵根据上下文猜测没有上下文，就没有生词的含义，不同的上下文会使一个相同的单词含义截然不同。根据上下文猜测生词常常可以借助定语从句、同位词、并列关系、因果关系、转折关系等等来确定。①利用解释作为从上下文猜词的线索,即根据定义猜词.对生词的解释,往往能够明确地告诉我们这个词的准确意思。常用的关键词和句型有：...means表示......的意思，意指...is/are......是...,which...,where...is/arecalled被叫做...is/areknownas被称为...canbedefinedas可被定以为例如：(a)Desertcanbedefinedasalargeareaoflandwherethereisnotenoughrainandvegetationtosupporthumanlife.(b)Alinguist,anexpertonlanguages,isalwayslistening.根据上下文,后一句是前面划线部分生词的定义(同位语),即语言学家.②利用举例作为从上下文猜词的线索。文章的作者常常通过列举一些名词或事例来说明他在文章中所用的一个词。常见的关键词有：suchas例如like像，如especially尤其是forinstance例如forexample例如例如：Carsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes.③利用重述作为上下文猜词的线索。当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时，他会用另外一种方式陈述自己的观点。常见的用来表示重述的词或短语有：toputitanotherway换句话说or....即，或者说thatis也就是说thatistosay也就是说inotherwords换句话说例如：(a).Insomecountrieswherethereisverylittlerain,thefarmershavetoirrigate,orwater,theirfields.(b)Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是脆的意思。例如：Atthebeginningtheydidnothaveenoughcapitaltostartabusiness,norweretheyabletoborrowtheamountofmoneytheyneededfromthebank.⑤利用反义词作为猜词的线索。作者常常用反义词来使文章更具表现力，我们可以利用反义词作为线索去猜句中出现的生词的意思。例如：Metalexpandswhenheatedandcontractswhencooled.从句子结构看，expand与contract相对应，whenheated与whencooled相对应。因为加热与使冷却是相反的动作，那么expand与contract也应该是相反的。Music，forinstance，wasonceasgroupsexperience.…Formanypeoplenow，however,musicisanindividualexperience.析:该句将人们现在对音乐的欣赏和过去对音乐的欣赏做比较，发现过去人们以群体的形式欣赏音乐而现在则单个人在家里欣赏。⑥利用对比关系猜词.例如:Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一词表转折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天第一节上了一半才来，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向准时的结论。⑦利用因果关系猜词.Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.从后面的结果永远不能再运动中，可以推测permanent的意思为永远的，永久的。1.Whensomekindofpainkillerwasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecolorsturnedthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Eventually,itcameonthemarketinadarkblueandwhitepackage-bluebecausewethinkofitassafe,andwhiteascalm.(2004年NMET全国，广东卷)65.Theunderlinedpart“thecolorsturnedthecustomersoff”(inPara.3)meansthatthecolors_______.A.hadweakeffectsonthecustomersB.trickedthecustomersintoshoppingC.causedthecustomerstoloseinterestD.attractedthecustomersstrongly通过因果法可知答案为C２.(NMET2003,C篇,65)Fermat’sLastTheorem(定理).FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetext?A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.解析:同义法．由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等并列关系，据此推断出baffle为使困惑、难倒、难以理解的意思。故答案为B。3.(NMET2002,E篇,74)Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.74.Whatdoestheunderlinedword‘hassle’probablymean?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests．解析:反义法．由前句的否定doesn’t与后句的肯定canbe这一对比关系，可以推断出,为了庆祝孩子的生日,又不至于麻烦,可以买一个生日开心包。hassle的意思应该与fun相反,而与difficulty,trouble等相近。故答案为C。Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.(NMET2000)Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedinplaceof“Quitethereverse”?A.Quiteright.B.Trueenough.C.Mostunlikely.D.Justtheopposite8.Thelargestplayer---ShanghaiBashiTourismCarRentalCenteroffersawidevarietyofchoices---deluxesedans,minivans,stationwagons,coaches.Santanasedansarethebigfavorite.(NMET2001)Thewords“deluxesedans”,“minivans”and“stationwagons”usedinthetextreferto___.A.carsinthemarketB.carrentingfirmsC.carsforrentD.carmakersC(A)Recently,studieshavebeenundertakentodetermineifarelationshipexistsbetweenviolenceontelevisionandviolenceinthestreetsofAmerica.Moreandbetterresearchisneededtoassessfullytheeffectsofexposuretoviolenceonhuma