Lecture-31-Subordination-(I)-语法教程-章振邦-上外

Chapter31Subordination(I)Teachingcontents1.Coordinationandsubordination2.Subordinateclauses(finite)NominalclausesRelativeclausesAdverbialclauses3.Somefewnotesonadverbialclauses并列和从属是两种不同的连接手段。eg.Therainstopped.Thesuncameout.→Therainstoppedandthesuncameout.→Whentherainstopped,thesuncameout.从句主句从属：把次要思想置于结构上的从属地位，从而突出句子的主要思想。1.CoordinationandsubordinationSubordinators从属连词Subordinateclausesaregenerallyintroducedbysubordinators,which,intermsofwordformation构词法,canbeclassifiedinto.simplesubordinators,简单从属连词complexsubordinators,复杂从属连词correlativesubordinators,关联从属连词marginalsubordinators.边际从属连词•after•although•because•before•directly•for•if•immediately•lest•like•since•that•though•till•unless•until•when(ever)•where(ver)•whereupon•while•whilst,etcAlsoknownasone-wordsubordinatorsSimplesubordinator简单从属连词Alsoknownas“multi-wordsubordinators”Someoftheseendin“that”•assumingthat•butthat•considering(that)•except(that)•excepting(that)•forall(that)•given(that)•granted(that)•granting(that)•inthat•inorderthat•insofarthat•intheeventthat•now(that)•provided(that)•providing(that)•savethat•seeing(that)•so(that)•suchthat•supposing(that)Complexsubordinators复杂从属连词Complexsubordinators复杂从属连词Someoftheseendin“as”•accordingas•asfaras•aslongas•assoonas•forasmuchas•inasmuchas•insofaras•insomuchasOthersinclude:•asif•incase•asthoughCorrelativesubordinators关联从属连词•Subordinatorsofthisgrouparecomposedoftwocorrelativewords•as…as•as…so•notso…as•such…as•the…the,etc•barely/hardly/scarcely…when•more/(-er)/less…than•nosooner…than•whether…orMarginalsubordinators边际从属连词freelexicalcombinations.Thisgroupissometimeshardtodistinguishfromcomplexsubordinators.•evenif•ifonly•justas•onlyif•everytime(that)•theinstant(that)•themoment(that)•duetothefactthat•inthesensethat•forthereasonthat•byreasonthat•forfear(that)•inspiteofthefactthat•inthelightofthefactthat•onaccountofthefactthat•onthegroundsthat•regardlessofthefactthat2.Subordinateclauses(finite)限定从属从句•Structurally,subordinateclausesmaybefinite,non-finite,orverbless.•Afinitesubordinateclauseisonewhosepredicatorisafiniteverbphrase.Nominalclauses(名词性分句，主/宾/补/同位)Relativeclauses(关系分句，定语从句)Adverbialclauses(状语分句，状语)Nominalclauses名词性分句Alsoknownas“nounclauses”ItcanperformmostfunctionsofNPsUsuallyintroducedby“that”orbyawh-wordsuchaswho,what,which,where,when,how,why,etc.Nominalclausescanfunctionassubject,object,subjectcomplement,appositive(同位语),andprepositionalcomplementation(介词补语)Nominalclauses名词性分句Itisquiteclearthatthecrimewasdonedeliberately.Ican’timaginewhatmadehimbehavelikethat.Themysteryiswhetherheeverwentthereatall.Myoriginalquestion,whyhediditatall,hasnotyetbeenanswered.Youmustgiveitbacktowhoeveritbelongs.(subject)(object)(subjectcomplement)(appositive)(prepositionalphrase)主语从句thesubjectclause•你所说的话是正确的。•Whatyousaidisquitetrue.•我们在什么地方做这个实验还在讨论。•Whereweshalldothetestisstillunderdiscussion.•大家对他怎样完成这项工作的都很感兴趣。•Howhemanagedtofinishthejobisofinteresttousall.•为什么早晨的太阳看上去比中午的太阳大，这事很有趣。•Whythesuninthemorninglooksbiggerthanthesunatnoonisveryinteresting.FixedPatternsofSubjectClauseFixedPatternsofSubjectClauseFixedPatternsofSubjectClause表语从句thepredicativeclause•这就是她昨天请假的原因。•Thatiswhyshehadaday-offyesterday.•问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。•Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishourworkbytomorrowevening.•看起来天要下雪。•Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.•事物并不总是如其表象。•Thingsarenotalwaysastheyseemtobe.宾语从句theobjectclause我知道他很友好而且好客。•Iknowthatheisfriendlyandhospitable.•我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么？•Iaskedhimifheissurewhatheisdoing?•历史语言学家研究语言是如何随着时间的推移而发展的。•Historicallinguistsstudyhowlanguagesevolveovertime.宾语从句theobjectclause同位语从句theappositiveclause•签订了合同这件事本身很重要。•Thefactthatthecontractwassignedwasimportant.•我不相信他杀了他女儿的谣言。•Idon’tbelievetherumorthathehaskilledhisdaughter.•我们听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息非常激动。•WewereveryexcitedatthenewsthatourChineseathleteswonmanygoldmedals.同位语从句theappositiveclauseor定语从句theobjectclause•对约翰昨天告诉的消息我俩都不感兴趣。•NeitherofusshowedanyinterestinthenewsthatJohntoldusyesterday.•听到暑假将要在大连度过的消息，我们非常高兴。•WearedelightedatthenewsthatwearegoingtospendoursummervacationinDalian.状语从句Adverbialclauses•1.时间状语从句；(adverbialclauseoftime)•2.地点状语从句；(adverbialclauseofplace)•3.原因状语从句；(adverbialclauseofcause)•4.条件状语从句；(adverbialclauseofcondition)•5.让步状语从句；(adverbialclauseofconcession)•6.目的状语从句；(adverbialclauseofpurpose)•7.结果状语从句。(adverbialclauseofresult)•8.方式状语从句；(adverbialclauseofmanner)1.时间状语从句(adverbialclauseoftime)•notuntil,assoonas,themoment(that)•等我做完作业我才和你一起去。•Iwon’tgowithyouuntilIfinishmyhomework.•我们一到家，电话就响了。•Assoonaswegothome,thetelephonerang.•我一看见她就立刻认出她来了。•IrecognizedherimmediatelyIsawher.•她一来到我就要见她。•Iwanttoseeherthemomentthatshearrives.1.时间状语从句(adverbialclauseoftime)•directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when•老师一进来，大家就静了下来。•Directlytheteachercameineveryonewasquiet.•他刚到机场，飞机就起飞了。•Hardlyhadhereachedtheairportwhentheplanetookoff.•这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己本来应该保持沉默。•Nosoonerhadthewordsbeenspokenthanherealizedthatheshouldhaveremainedsilent.2.地点状语从句(adverbialclauseofplace)•Where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere•有志者事竟成。•Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.•这些天你可以去你想去的地方。•Youcangowhereveryoulik