英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter-12

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况TheUnitedStatesofAmericaChapter12Education,MediaandHolidaysForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCONTENTⅠEducationⅡMediaⅢHolidaysandFestivalsForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesⅠEducation1.IdealsofAmericanEducation2.EducationalSystemForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAsmanypeopleaspossibleshouldhaveaccesstoasmucheducationastheywantanoutcomeoftheAmerican’sassertions(主张、断言、声明)aboutequalityequalityineducationdoesnotmeanthateveryonereceivesthesameeducation•TheChildplacedinalower-abilitygroupdoesnotreceivethesameeducationasoneplacedinahigher-abilitygroup1.IdealsofAmericanEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesProducingasocietyofliteracyandlocalcontroleducationgovernedbystateandlocalgovernments,notbythenationalgovernment;nonationalministryofeducationeachstatehasitsownlawsregulatingeducation1.IdealsofAmericanEducationEFAeducationforallForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesEmphasisonthebasicnatureofknowledgeandlearningScholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceive(构思、设计)newwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown;Learningisanenterpriseofexploration,experimentation,analysis,andsynthesis;Thegoalofeducationistoteachchildrenhowtolearnandhelpthemreachtheirmaximumpotential.1.IdealsofAmericanEducationEducationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1.IdealsofAmericanEducation☻Educationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.☻EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.Quotationsconcerningeducation:☻Betterbeunbornthanuntaught,forignoranceistherootofmisfortune.(Plato,AncientGreekphilosopher)☻Educationisaprogressivediscoveryofourignorance.(Durant,Americanhistorian)☻Thepurposeofeducationistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.(MalcolmForbes,Americaneducator)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2.EducationalSystem2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation2.2HigherEducation2.3FamousUniversities2.4MulticulturalEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesElementaryandsecondaryeducation—thebasisofpubliceducation,freeandcompulsory,12gradesOneacademicyear—fromSeptemberthroughJuneDifferentdivisionsofschoolsystems:☻elementaryschool—onethrougheighthighschool—nextfouryears☻elementaryschool—onethroughsixjuniorhighschool—seventhroughnineseniorhighschool—tenthroughtwelve2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesElementaryeducationCourses—reading,arithmetic,languagearts,science,socialstudies,music,art,andphysicaleducationClasssize—20to30students2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesSecondaryeducationTwostages:juniorhighschoolandseniorhighschoolCourses:morespecialized—English,socialstudies,algebra,geometry,etc.Nineperiodsforaday:•fiveforacademicsubjects•oneforphysicaleducation•alunchperiod•twostudyperiods–visitingthelibrary–participatinginextracurricularactivity2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationAmusicclassinajuniorhighschoolAclassroominaseniorhighschoolForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesNoannualcollegeentranceexamination;applicantsarechosenonthebasisofthefollowing4aspects:1highschoolrecords2highschoolteachers’recommendations3theimpressiontheymakeduringinterviewsattheuniversity4scoresontheScholasticAptitudeTest(SAT)2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationScholasticAptitudeTest(SAT)astandardizedtestformostcollegeadmissionsintheUnitedStates.intendedtoassessastudent'sreadinessforcollege.firstintroducedin1926.seventimesayearintheUnitedStates.Possiblescoresrangefrom600to2400,combiningtestresultsfromthree800-pointsections(Mathematics,CriticalReading,andWriting).Thebeginningofhighereducation—thefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636abigenterprisewithacomplexsystemFourcategoriesofinstitutions:theuniversitythefour-yearundergraduateinstitution—thecollegetechnicaltraininginstitutiontwo-yearcommunitycollegeForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCollege&UniversityCollege—undergraduateinstitutionconferringaBachelorofArts(B.A.)oraBachelorofSciences(B.S.)degreeUniversity—agroupofcolleges,eachservingaspecialpurposeFunctionsofhighereducationteachingresearchpublicserviceForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCollege&UniversityLocationofinstitutionsNewYork—3