定语从句分类详解

定语从句一、限制性与非限制性定语从句（一）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号割开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。如：Iwantthisman,who(=forhe)canspeakEnglish.Hegaveuptheplan,which(=thoughit)wasaverygoodone.ImetJohn,who(=andhe)toldmethenews.Iwilltakethisone,which(=forit)seemstobethebestone.Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons.)Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(Perhapshehasmorethantwosons.)(二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1、关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略；2、Who（主语），whom（宾语），which（主语、宾语）不能用that代替，也不能互相替换；3、介词+which/whom+从句结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面；4、when,where可用于非限制性定语从句。二、关系代词的用法（一）关系代词的作用和分类1、关系代词的作用有三个：（1）连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来；（2）替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词；（3）成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。2、关系代词的用法分类从句用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格词Whowhichthat宾格词Who(m)属格词Whose/ofwhomWhose/ofwhichwhose关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据：（1）根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性；（2）根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物；（3）根据它在从句中所充当的成分----主语、宾语、表语或者定语。（二）关系代词that和which的用法1、限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：（1）当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,theone时。如：格关系代词Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayforyourself?Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.（2）当先行词前面被theonly,thevery,any,few,little,no,all等词修饰时。如：ThisistheverypersonthatI’mwaitingfor.Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.（3）当先行词是形容词最高级或者先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如：Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatI’veeverseen.（4）当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。如：ThistrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou.WhatisthefirstAmericanfilmthatyouhaveseen?（5）当先行词既有人又有物时。如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?（6）当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。如：Whichisthebikethatyoulost?Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?（7）有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如：Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.（8）当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如：Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatisusedtobe.2、定语从句中，必须用which的情况：（1）在非限制性定语从句中，只用which不用that。如:Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,which,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.(2)当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which不用that。如：ThisisahouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此把介词置于关系代词之前。如：Thisisthepen(which/that)I’mlookingfor.(三)关系代词who,whom和whose的用法先行词指人：在定语从句中作主语时，用who,不克省略；在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that,可以省略；在定语从句中坐定语时，用whose，不可省略。如：Sheisthegirlwholivesnextdoor.作主语That’sthegirl(whom/that)Iteach.作宾语That’sthescientistwhoseachievementsarewellknown.作定语Thisisthehousewhosewindowbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,ofwhichthewidowbrokelastnight.（四）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which或whom，即：介词+whom/which。1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom，关系代词不能省略。如：(1)IsthisthehouseinwhichShakespearewasborn?(2)Hepaidtheboy10Yuanforwashingtenwindows,mostofwhichhadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.(3)Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.(4)RecentlyIboughtanancientvase,thepriceofwhichwasveryreasonable.(5)Thegentlemanaboutwhomyoutoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.2.在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which,that/whom/who作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。如：thatThisistheherowhoweareproudof.Whom3.”复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。如：Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.4.介词+which/whom+不定式结构Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichtolive.=Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.=Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive.（五）关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列形式：Such+名词+as……像……一样的，像……之类1.thesame+名词+as……和……同样的其中关系代词as在从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。如：Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.Heisnotthesamemanashewas.2.…suchas…Such为代词，意为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中担当成分，修饰先行词such.如：ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.(六)关系代词as,which的区别1.as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还克插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可以替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。如：Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Byservingothers,apersonfocusesonsomeoneotherthanhimselforherself,whichcanbeveryeye-openingandrewarding.2.当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as.如：Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.=Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,as/whichisknowntoeverybody.=Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverybody.=Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.后面两句属于名词性从句范畴。另外，as多用于下列习惯用语中：asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那样；asiswell-known=asisknowntoall众所周知；aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样；asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样；ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述；asismentionedabove正如上面提到的。3．当定语从句放在主句后面是，也并不是as就能永远等于which.（1）当限定性定于从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which.如：Hecamehereverylate,whichwasunexpected.Mr.SmithusuallypraiseshisstudentsRoseinpublic,whichshedoesn’tlikeatall.(2)当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：beknown,besaid,bereported,beannounced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如：Shehasbeenabsentagain,asisexpected.她又缺席了，这在预料之中。Tomhasmaderapidprogress,whichmakesmeveryhappy.Tom取得了很大的进步，这使我很高兴。（3）用在as(it)seemslikely,as(it)oftenhappiness,as(it)wasprintedout,as(it)wassaidearlier,asIremember(it),asIunderstand(it),as(it)appears等结构中。如：Jackhaswonthefirstprize,asitoftenhappens.Jack和往常一样，获得了一等奖。ShehasreadwidelyinRomanticliterature,asitappearsfromheressay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主意文学，这从她的文章中可以看出来。(4)as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义。如：Davidistall,asarem