组织行为学(英文版)第7章

weipingChapter7GroupInstructor:WeiPing(Elizabethwei)Department:BusinessAdministrationRequiredTextbook:EssentialsofOrganizationalBehavior”10thedition.byStephenP.RobbinsweipingChapter7GroupPart1DefiningandClassifyinggroupPart2GroupstructurePart3GroupdecisionmakingweipingPart1DefiningandClassifyinggroupGroup:twoormoreindividuals,interactingandindependent,whohavecometogethertoachieveparticularobjectives.WhydopeoplejoingroupSecurityStatusSelf-esteemAffiliationPowerGoalachievementweipingClassifyinggroupsFormalgroup:adesignatedworkgroupdefinedbyorganization’sstructure.Commandgroup:agroupcomposedoftheindividualswhoreportdirectlytoagivenmanager.Taskgroup:thoseworkingtogethertocompleteajobtaskInformalgroup:agroupthatisneitherformallystructurednororganizationallydetermined;appearsinresponsetotheneedforsocialcontact.Interestgroup:thoseworkingtogethertoattainaspecificobjectivewithwhicheachisconcerned.Friendshipgroup:thosebroughttogetherbecausetheyshareoneormorecommoncharacteristics.weipingStagesofgroupdevelopmentThefive-stagemodelFormingstage:thefirststageingroupdevelopment,characterizedbymuchuncertainty.Stormingstage:thesecondstageingroupdevelopment,characterizedbyintragroupconflict.Normingstage:thethirdstageingroupdevelopment,characterizedbycloserelationshipsandcohesiveness.Performingstage:thefourthstageingroupdevelopment,whenthegroupisfullyfunctional.Adjourningstage:thefinalstageingroupdevelopmentfortemporarygroups,characterizedbyconcernwithwrappingupactivitiesratherthantaskperformance.weipingPart2Groupstructure(properties)RoleNormsStatusCohesivenessSizeCompositionweipingRolesRole:asetofexpectedbehaviorpatternsattributedtosomeoneoccupyingagivenpositioninasocialunit.Roleidentity:certainattitudesandbehaviorsconsistentwitharole.Roleperception:anindividual’sviewofhowheorsheissupposedtoactinagivensituation.Roleexpectations:howothersbelieveapersonshouldactinagivensituation.Psychologicalcontract:anunwrittenagreementthatsetsoutwhatmanagementexpectsfromtheemployee,andviceversa.Roleconflict:asituationinwhichanindividualisconfrontedbydivergentrolesexpectations.weipingTheconclusionsbasisonroleresearchPeopleplaymultiplerolesPeoplelearnrolesfromthestimuliaroundthem---friends,books,movies,televisionPeoplehavetheabilitytoshiftrolesrapidlywhentheyrecognizethatthesituationanditsdemandsclearlyrequiremajorchangesPeopleoftenexperienceroleconflictwhencompliancewithonerolerequirementisatoddswithanother.weipingNormsNormsAcceptablestandardsofbehaviorwithinagroupthataresharedbythegroup’smembersTheHawthorneStudiesCommonclassesofnormsPerformancenormsAppearancenormsSocialarrangementnormsAllocationofresourcesnormsTheAschStudies(Conformity)Groupscanplacestrongpressuresonindividualmemberstochangetheirattitudesandbehaviorstoconformtogroup’sstandard.ThegroupnormspressustowardconformityWhenanindividual’sopinionofobjectivedatadifferssignificantfromofothersinthegroup,heorshefeelsextensivepressuretoalignhisorheropiniontoconformwiththoseoftheothers.weipingExamplesofCardsUsedinAsch’sStudyXABCweipingStatusAsociallydefinedpositionorrankgiventogroupsorgroupmembersbyothers.Statustendstobederivedfromoneofthreesources:Thepowerapersonwieldsoverothers.Aperson’sabilitytocontributetoagroup’sgoals.Anindividualpersoncharacteristics.StatusandnormsHigh-statusmembersofgroupsoftenaregivenmorefreedomtodeviatefromnormsthanareothergroupmembers.High-statuspeoplealsoarebetterabletoresistconformitypressuresthantheirlow-statuspeers.StatusandgroupinteractionHigh-statuspeopletendtobemoreassertiveStatusdifferencesactuallyinhibitdiversityofideasandcreativityingroupsbecauseless-statusmemberstendtobelessactiveparticipantsingroupdiscussions.weipingSizeThesizeofagroupaffectthegroup’soverallbehaviorTheevidenceindicates,thesmallergroupsarefasteratcompletingtasksthanlargerones.Butifthegroupisengagedinproblemsolving,thelargergroupsconsistentlygetbettermarksthanthesmallergroups.SocialloafingThetendencyforindividualstoexpendlesseffortwhenworkingcollectivelythanwhenworkingindividually.Abeliefthatothersinthegrouparenotcarryingtheirshare.Thedispersionofresponsibility(inotherwords,therewillbeareductioninefficiencywhenindividualsthinkthattheircontributioncannotbemeasured.weipingCohesivenessDegreetowhichgroupmembersareattractedtoeachotherandaremotivatedtostayinthegroup.Relationshipbetweengroupcohesiveness,performancenorms,andproductivityCohesivenessPerformancenormsHighLowHighLowHighproductivityModerateproductivityLowproductivityModeratetolowproductivityweipingSuggestionsofencouragegroupcohesivenessMakethegroupsmallerEncourageagreementwithgroupgoalsIncreasethetimemembersspendtogetherIncreasethestatusofthegroupandtheperceiveddifficultyofattainingmembershipinthegroupStimulatecompetitionwithothergroupsGiverewardstothegroupratherthantoindividualmembersIsolatethegroupweipingCompositionHomogeneousgroupComposedofsimilarindividualsHeterogeneousgroupComposedofdissimilarindividualsweipingPart3GroupdecisionmakingGroupsversustheindivi