高考英语专题-阅读理解之主旨大意

ReadingComprehension------Howtogetthemainidea?2011年30题,45题2012年30题,45题2013年30题,31题,35题45题1.近几年广东高考阅读理解主旨大意题:2.阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类与方法主旨题2.标题类(topic或title型)1.文章/段落主旨(mainidea型)3.写作意图类(purpose型)解题方法一：找主题句开头、中间、结尾三:抓线索所叙述的事实或提供的线索二:找高频词反复出现的中心词四：找关联词but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary3.Questionforms:1.主题类（1).Themainideaofthepassageis________.2).Thepassageismainlyabout___________.((3).Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(4).Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbestsummarize/sumupthemainideaofthepassage?(5).What’sthemainpoint/mainidea/centralthoughtofthepassage?Questionforms:2.标题类（1).Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe______.(2).Thetext(Passage)couldbeentitled__________.(3).Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?(4).Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?3.作者意图类(1).Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageis___.(2).Thepassageismeantto__________.(3).Thepurposeofthisarticleis_______.(4).Theauthor’spurposeistoshow_______.概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合1.Mainidea(主要内容)型文章的主题句或者说“文眼”是贯穿全文的灵魂，找到了主题句，就找到了解题的思路。(1)主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。(2)找主题句的小窍门1)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨；首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。2)作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；3)段落中出现表转折的词语（如however,thus,infact,actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句；例题一Widespreadmediacoveragehasbeengiventoanewpilltopreventheartdiseaseandstroke.TheSunsaidthepill,calledAteronon,“couldsavethousandsoflives”.TheDailyTelegraphsaidthatthenewproductcontainsanaturalthingfoundintomatoesthatisapowerfulantioxidant.Thenewspapersaidthepillcanpreventthebulid-upoffat.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howwecanpreventheartdisease.B.Anewpillgetsmuchmediaattention.C.Thebuild-upoffatisharmful.D.Anaturalthingwasfoundintomatoes.开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。例题二：….twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining,…Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels2.(topic或title型)文章标题型特点是：短小精悍;涵盖性强，；精确性强1.概括性原则要求覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点代面，以偏概全。2.针对性原则针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即标题不能太大也不能太小。要量体裁衣，大小适度。3.醒目性原则标题往往比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，目的是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。推敲选项正误的小窍门：•1)正确选项不出现细节信息。•2)正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对意义的词。•3)正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语。•4)四个选项中，内容完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项。•5)干扰项特点：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。【2013安徽E】[1]Argentinainthelatenineteenthcenturywasanexcitingplace.Around1870…thedanceknownanthetango(探戈舞)cameintobeing[2]Atthebeginningthetangowasadanceofthelowerclasses...Gradually,thedancespreadintotheupperclassesofArgentineansocietyandbecamemorerespectable.[3]InEuropeatthistime,stronginterestindancefromaroundtheworldwasbeginning…thedancedidfindenoughsupporterstomakeitpopular.[4]Thepopularity（流行）Ofthetangocontinuedtogrowinmanyotherpartsoftheworld…75.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.HowtoDancetheTangoB.TheHistoryoftheTangoC.HowtoPromotetheTangoD.TheModernTangoBoomIfyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only＄79.Twodayssale.Hu--rry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts＄395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.(2分钟)Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_________.A.BuyingATVSetB.ASellingMethodC.BuyerBewareD.TVOnSaleThissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.(detail)(detail)(detail)诱售法这类题的题干中常有purpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intendto,meantto,（inorder）to。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的写作目的，因此，文章的首尾段或每段的首尾是阅读的重点，作者的写作意图往往就隐含在其中。3.(purpose型)写作目的型TointroducesthTosellaproductorserviceToarractreaders’attentionToattractreaderstopayforatriptosomeattractionpurposeTocallon…ToresiststhToamusereadersToargueagainst…andsupportone’sownidea写作目的对应的文章如下toinformreaders新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。写作目的型【2013重庆卷E】[1]ItiswidelyknownthatanyEnglishconversationbeginswithTheWeather…[2]BillBryson,forexample,concludesthat,astheEnglishweatherisnotatallexciting,theobsessionwithitcanhardlybeunderstood.Hearguesthat“Toanoutsider,themoststrikingthingabouttheEnglishweatheristhatthereisnotverymuchofit.”…[3]JeremyPaxman,however,disagreeswithBryson…[4]BrysonandPaxmanstandforcommonmisconceptionsabouttheweather-speakamongtheEnglish.…TheEn